Cumberland

Cumberland is in North-West England.

1307 Death of Edward I

1542 Battle of Solway Moss

1568 Mary Queen of Scots escapes to England

In 1451 Anne Threlkeld was born to Lancelot Threlkeld (age 16) and Margaret Bromflete Baroness Clifford (age 17) at Cumberland.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Abbeytown

Holmcultram Abbey, Cumberland [Map]

1150. Holmcultram Abbey, Cumberland [Map] was a Cistercian monastery founded in 1150. The abbey was suppressed in 1538 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Aldingham Furness

Around 1283 Margaret aka Joan Dacre Baroness Harington was born to William Dacre (age 16) and Joan Gernet (age 13) at Aldingham Furness.

On 02 Jun 1347 John Harrington 1st Baron Harington (age 66) died at Aldingham Furness. His grandson John Harrington 2nd Baron Harington (age 19) succeeded 2nd Baron Harington.

He was buried at Cartmel Priory [Map]. His wife Margaret aka Joan Dacre Baroness Harington (age 64) was buried with him.

John Harrington 2nd Baron Harington: In 1328 he was born to Robert Harrington and Elizabeth Multon. In 1350 John Harrington 2nd Baron Harington and Joan Bermingham were married. The marriage somewhat speculative? On 28 May 1363 John Harrington 2nd Baron Harington died at Gleaston Castle. His son Robert Harrington 3rd Baron Harington succeeded 3rd Baron Harington. Given his young age Robert Harrington 3rd Baron Harington became a ward of King Edward III of England who granted his wardship to his daughter Isabella Countess Bedford and Soissons and her husband Enguerrand de Coucy 1st Earl Bedford 1st Count Soissons.

Margaret aka Joan Dacre Baroness Harington: John Harrington 1st Baron Harington and she were married. Around 1283 she was born to William Dacre and Joan Gernet at Aldingham Furness. In 1326 John Harrington 1st Baron Harington was created 1st Baron Harington by writ of summons to Parliament. She by marriage Baroness Harington. On 02 Jul 1347 Margaret aka Joan Dacre Baroness Harington died at Aldingham Furness.

On 02 Jul 1347 Margaret aka Joan Dacre Baroness Harington (age 64) died at Aldingham Furness.

On 21 May 1406 Robert Harrington 3rd Baron Harington (age 50) died at Aldingham Furness. His son John Harrington 4th Baron Harington (age 22) succeeded 4th Baron Harington.

In 1423 Elizabeth Harrington was born to William Harrington 5th Baron Harington (age 33) at Aldingham Furness.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Allerdale

Kirkbride, Cumberland [Map]

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Alston

Angel Inn, Alston

On 23 Dec 1815 Hugh Lee Pattinson (age 18) was baptised at the Angel Inn, Alston by the vicar of Alston, Benjamin Jackson since his fiancé's family would not accept her marriage to a Quaker.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Armathwaite [Map]

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Blindcrake

Isel, Cumberland

St Michael's Church, Isel

On 13 Dec 1688 Wilfrid Lawson 1st Baronet (age 78) died. His grandson Wilfrid Lawson 2nd Baronet (age 24) succeeded 2nd Baronet Lawson of Isel Hall in Cumbria. He was buried at St Michael's Church, Isel where his memorial has the inscription: "Here lies Sir Wilfrid Lawson, baronet, and his Lady Jane. He departed this life 13th day of December 1688 aged 79 And she the 8th June 1677 aged 65. Having married four sons and eight daughters. Vivit post funers virtue [He lives after the funeral by virtue].

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Boot

Burnmoor Stone Circles

Burnmoor Stone Circles is also in North England Stone Circles.

The Burnmoor Stone Circles are a group of five Stone Circles located near the village of Boot, Cumberland in Cumbria. There date is given as 2000BC; the evidence for this date is unkwown? Burnmoor contains approximately 403 cairns. Some are round in shape and range in diameter between 1.35 - 6.9 meters in diameter and 0.1 - 0.65 meters high, some are oval in shape and range between 2.9 meters long by 1.6 meters wide and 10.25 meters long by 3.9 meters wide and 0.1 - 0.9 meters high.

Brat's Hill Stone Circle [Map]

Brat's Hill Stone Circle [Map] is a circle of around forty-two stones of dimensions 32 x 25.9m. Note. The National Trust record states "Of the five stone cirlces Brat's Hill is the largest with approximately 42 stones forming an irregular circle with an average diameter of 10.4 meters."

Cumbria and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. Brat's Hill Stone Circle [Map]. This, though the finest, is only one of several similar remains on the same moor. About 100 yards to the west, are two smaller rings in an imperfect state, each about 50 feet in diameter, and each inclosing one barrow. A quarter of a mile west-northwest, on Low Longrigg, are two others; one apparently perfect, about 50 feet in diameter, consisting of nine stones, and inclosing one barrow; the other imperfect, with diameters of about 75 feet and 65 feet, and inclosing two barrows. A number of ancient "dykes," each consisting of a slight ditch and embankment, intersect the moor, near these remains.

Low Longrigg Circles

Low Longrigg NE Circle [Map]

Low Longrigg NE Circle [Map] measures 21.7 by 20.4 meters, has 15 stones forming an irregular cirlce, and contains two funerary cairns.

Low Longrigg SW Circle [Map]

Low Longrigg SW Circle [Map] measures 15.2 meters in diameter, has nine stones forming the circle, and contains a funerary cairn at the centre.

White Moss Circles

White Moss NE Circle [Map]

White Moss NE Circle [Map] measures 16.2 in diameter and has 11 stones forming the cirlce and a funerary cairn at the centre.

White Moss SW Circle [Map]

White Moss SW Circle is also in North England Stone Circles.

White Moss SW Circle [Map] measures 16.6 meters in diamter and has 14 stones forming the cirlce and a funerary cairn at the centre.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Brampton [Map]

In 1275 Philip Neville of Scotton (age 65) died at Brampton, Cumberland [Map].

On 09 Mar 1314 Robert Neville died at Brampton, Cumberland [Map].

In 1410 Thomas Dacre was born to Thomas Dacre 6th Baron Dacre Gilsland (age 22) and Philippa Neville Baroness Dacre Gilsland (age 24) at Brampton, Cumberland [Map].

Around 1500 Archbishop Hugh Curwen was born at Brampton, Cumberland [Map].

Brampton Roman Fort [Map]

Naworth, Brampton

Around 1424 Margaret Dacre was born to Thomas Dacre 6th Baron Dacre Gilsland (age 36) and Philippa Neville Baroness Dacre Gilsland (age 38) at Naworth, Brampton.

On 01 Jun 1792 James Graham 2nd Baronet was born to James Graham 1st Baronet (age 31) and Catherine Stewart Lady Graham (age 27). at Naworth, Brampton.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Brough

Brough Castle

In 1206 Eleanor Fair Maid of Brittany (age 22) was imprisoned at Brough Castle [Map], under the guard of Robert de Vipont Baron of Westmoreland, then at Bowes Castle, County Durham [Map], then Corfe Castle, Dorset [Map]. At Corfe Castle, Dorset [Map] she was accompanied by twenty-five French knights loyal to her. Following an attempt to escape twenty-two of the knights were starved to death.

After 12 Aug 1332 Edward Balliol I King Scotland (age 49) stayed at Brough Castle [Map].

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Burgh by Sands

In May 1131 Walter Beauchamp (age 41) died at Burgh by Sands, Cumberland.

In 1232 Richard de de Braose was born to John "Tadody aka Fatherless" Braose (age 35) and Margred verch Llewellyn Aberffraw Baroness Clifford at Burgh by Sands, Cumberland. He a great grandson of King John "Lackland" of England.

On 28 Dec 1245 Alice Le Rus was born to William Le Rus (age 26) at Burgh by Sands, Cumberland.

Edward I Monument Burgh by Sands [Map]

On 07 Jul 1307 King Edward "Longshanks" I of England (age 68) died at Burgh by Sands [Map] whilst on his way north to Scotland. His son King Edward II of England (age 23) succeeded II King England. Earl Chester merged with the Crown.

Edward (age 68) had gathered around him Thomas Plantagenet 2nd Earl of Leicester, 2nd Earl Lancaster, Earl of Salisbury and Lincoln (age 29), Guy Beauchamp 10th Earl Warwick (age 35), Aymer de Valence 2nd Earl Pembroke (age 32) and Robert Clifford 1st Baron Clifford (age 33) and charged them with looking after his son in particular ensuring Piers Gaveston 1st Earl Cornwall (age 23) didn't return from exile.

Monument to King Edward "Longshanks" I of England at the location [Map] at which he died. By Thomas or John Longstaff for the Duke of Norfolk and John Aglionby. Red sandstone ashlar. Tall square column on moulded plinth, moulded cornice, shaped cap surmounted by cross. Latin inscription on south side to memory of Edward I, who died in his camp at Burgh by Sands, 7 July 1307; east side inscription giving titles of Henry Howard, Duke of Norfolk and date 1685; west side inscription John Aglionby. Also had inscription, Tho Longstaff, Fecit 1685 (Ms 7/3f191, St Edmund Hall, Oxford). Bronze plaque records restoration by the Earl of Lonsdale 1803 (collapsed, March 1795); further restoration of 1876. For full inscription see W. Hutchinson, History of Cumberland, 1794, vol. 2, p504:

Mr. J. Norman, of Kirkandrews, favoured us with the annexed fouth view of King Edward's monument, with the infcriptions, which he took in 1793, which he assures us are very accurate. At that time it leaned much to the west, and on the 4th of March, 1795, it fell down:

South Side: MEMORIÆ ÆTERNÆ EDVARDI I. REGIS ANGLIÆ LONGE CLARISSIMI QVI IN BELLI APPARATV CONTRA SCOTOS OCCVPATVS HlC INI CASTRIS OBIIT 7. IVLII A. D. 1307.

East Side Side: NOBILISSIMVS PRINCEPS HENRIC. HOWARD DVX NORFOLC. COM. MARESCHAL ANGL. COM. ARVNDEL SVRR. NORFOLC. ET NORWIC. BARO HOWARD MOWBREY SEGRAVE BREWS DE GOWER FITSALAN WARREN ESCALES CLVN OSWALDTREE MALTRAVERS FVRNIVAL GRAYSTCH ET HOWARD DE CASTLRISING PRÆNO. ORD. GARTER. MIL. CONSTAB. ET GVBERNATOR REGAL. CASTRI ET HONOR. DE WINDSOR CVSTOS FOREST DE WINDSOR DOM. LOCVMTEN. NORFOLC. SVRR. BERKER. ET CIV. ET COM. CIV. NORWICI OB EDV. I. REGE ANGLIuE ORIVNDVS P. 1685.

West Side. JOHANNES AGLIONBY I. C. F. C.

A singularity which attends the above fact is, that the army must have lain, and the royal tent been pitched, in a most improper place, on marshy ground, on a dead level; when, within a quarter of a mile further fouthward, there was a fine inclining ground, dry and healthy, and not subject to any surprise or attack from superior heights. Any one who has viewed this place, would be inclined to believe a skillful general would not encamp an army on the spot that tradition and this monunnent point out.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Camerton

Ribton Hall, Cumberland

In or after 1627 Thomas Lamplugh of Ribton in Cumberland (age 40) and Grace Barwise (age 18) were married. They lived at Ribton Hall, Cumberland. The difference in their ages was 22 years.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Cockermouth

Archaeologia Volume 32 Section X. The Queen of Scots (age 25) landed on the shore of Cumberland on the 16th of May, 1568. On the next day she wrote from Workington to Queen Elizabeth (age 34), announcing her arrival. On the 18th she was conducted to Cockermouth, and the next day to Carlisle [Map]. There she remained till the 13th of July, when she was taken to Bolton [Map], castle of the Lord Scrope (age 34), in the North Riding. She was at Bolton for more than half a year. Her last letter written from that place is dated January 25, 1569, the day before she reluctantly set out on her journey southward.

Bridekirk, Cockermouth

On 25 Jul 1633 Joseph Williamson was born in Bridekirk, Cockermouth.

Cockermouth Castle

On 04 Apr 1406 Ralph Neville 2nd Earl of Westmoreland was born to John Neville (age 19) and Elizabeth Holland at Cockermouth Castle [Map]. He a great x 3 grandson of King Edward "Longshanks" I of England.

Wordsworth House

On 07 Apr 1770 William Wordsworth was born to John Wordsworth and Ann Cookson at Wordsworth House.

On 25 Dec 1771 Dorothy Wordsworth was born to John Wordsworth and Ann Cookson at Wordsworth House.

On 09 Jun 1774 Christopher Wordsworth was born to John Wordsworth and Ann Cookson at Wordsworth House.

John Wordsworth was born to John Wordsworth and Ann Cookson at Wordsworth House.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Corby

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Dacre

In 1180 William Dacre was born at Dacre, Cumberland.

In 1258 William Dacre (age 78) died at Dacre, Cumberland.

On 12 Mar 1266 William Dacre was born to Ranulph Dacre (age 20) at Dacre, Cumberland.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Dalston

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Edenhall

In 1461 Edward Musgrave of Hartley and Edenhall was born to Richard Musgrave (age 30) and Joan Clifford at Edenhall, Cumberland.

Around 1497 William Musgrave was born to Edward Musgrave of Hartley and Edenhall (age 36) and Jane Ward at Edenhall, Cumberland.

On 23 May 1542 Edward Musgrave of Hartley and Edenhall (age 81) died at Edenhall, Cumberland.

On 18 Oct 1544 William Musgrave (age 47) died at Edenhall, Cumberland.

In 1546 Thomas Musgrave of Cumcatch in Cumberland was born at Edenhall, Cumberland.

Edenhall Manor, Cumberland

On 10 Aug 1491 Richard Musgrave (age 60) died at Edenhall Manor, Cumberland.

St Cuthbert's Church, Edenhall [Map]

On 08 Jul 1664 Mary Cogan died in childbirth at Carlisle Castle [Map] where her husband Christopher Musgrave 4th Baronet (age 32) was Governor. She was buried at St Cuthbert's Church, Edenhall [Map].

On 11 Apr 1701 Elizabeth Francklyn Lady Musgrave died. She was buried at St Cuthbert's Church, Edenhall [Map].

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Embleton

Elva Plain Stone Circle [Map]

Elva Plain Stone Circle is also in North England Stone Circles.

Elva Plain Stone Circle [Map]. Historic England: The monument includes a large regular stone circle of 15 pink granite boulders located on a relatively level terrace on the southern slopes of Elva Hill 240m ENE of Elva Plain. The arrangement of stones forms an almost perfect circle with an internal diameter of 33.5m. The 15 stones are all that remain visible of an original number of about 30; of these, those in the north east quadrant are level with the ground, one on the east side has recently become partly buried, and the remainder of the stones have fallen, with the possible exception of the stone due west of centre which stands to a height of 0.7m.

Cumbria and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. ARTICLE IV. Elva Stone Circle [Map]. By W. D. ANDERSON. Read at Carlisle, April 6th, 1922. This Circle is situated 1½ mile due W. of the N. end of 1 Bassenthwaite Lake. It stands about 470 feet abovethe sea level, on a plateau called Elva Plain, S.E. of Elva Hill.

At present the Circle consists of 15 stones and an outlier, whose positions are indicated on the plan and their apparent dimensions on a separate table (pp. 32, 33). In 1913 the stone marked "5a" was covered by turf, but it has since come into view. This would suggest that there may be others out of sight. Four of the stones are flush with the ground and four others are less than 1 ft. above the surface. It seems probable that these eight stones have sunk, but to determine this point, perhaps some excavation might be necessary.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Ennerdale Bridge

St Mary's Church, Ennerdale Bridge

On 26 Apr 1944 Edward Dixon MacDonald (age 21) died in a plane crash. He was buried at St Mary's Church, Ennerdale Bridge. when Wellington III DF640 crashed following a failed landing. Took off Hixon for night circuit training, Landed 0134 hrs but bounced rather badly. The crew attempted to go round again, but their aircraft failed to gain height and flew into a hill, 250 feet above sea level and known locally as Weston Bank, near the airfield, bursting into flames on impact amongst some trees. Norman Albert Roberts Mousdell and Harold Desmond Purbrick were also killed.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Gilgarran

Studfold aka Deam Moor Stone Circle [Map]

Studfold aka Deam Moor Stone Circle is also in North England Stone Circles.

Studfold aka Deam Moor Stone Circle [Map]. Historic England: The monument includes a large irregular stone circle, within which there is a round cairn, located on Dean Moor. It is situated close to the highest point of the moor and there are extensive views in all directions from the circle. The circle includes 15 sandstone boulders, several of which have fallen and are partly or totally buried in the soft wet earth. The stones are set in an oval arrangement measuring 32.8m east-west by 25.9m north-south. The tallest stone stands 0.95m high and has been incorporated into a drystone wall which crosses the monument, however, a partly buried fallen stone on the northern side of the circle measures 1.4m and would have been the tallest stone when erect. A little to the west of the circle's centre there is a round cairn measuring c.6.7m in diameter and up to 0.2m high. Limited excavation of the cairn during the 1920s found that it had been carefully constructed and incorporated several large flat stone slabs.

Gleaston Castle

In 1356 Robert Harrington 3rd Baron Harington was born to John Harrington 2nd Baron Harington (age 28) and Joan Bermingham (age 21) at Gleaston Castle [Map].

On 28 May 1363 John Harrington 2nd Baron Harington (age 35) died at Gleaston Castle [Map]. His son Robert Harrington 3rd Baron Harington (age 7) succeeded 3rd Baron Harington. Given his young age Robert Harrington 3rd Baron Harington (age 7) became a ward of King Edward III of England (age 50) who granted his wardship to his daughter Isabella Countess Bedford and Soissons (age 30) and her husband Enguerrand de Coucy 1st Earl Bedford 1st Count Soissons (age 23).

In 1390 William Harrington 5th Baron Harington was born to Robert Harrington 3rd Baron Harington (age 34) and Isabel Loring Baroness Harington at Gleaston Castle [Map].

On 03 Mar 1457 William Harrington 5th Baron Harington (age 67) died at Gleaston Castle [Map]. His grandson William Bonville 6th Baron Harington (age 15) succeeded 6th Baron Harington.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Harrington

In or before 1329 Joan Harrington was born to John Harrington 1st Baron Harington (age 47) and Margaret aka Joan Dacre Baroness Harington (age 45) at Harrington, Cumberland.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Hawkshead

Esthwaite Hall, Hawkshead

In 1519 Archbishop Edwin Sandys was born to William Sandys at Esthwaite Hall, Hawkshead.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Hayton

Hayton Castle

On 22 Nov 1673 Edward Musgrave 1st Baronet (age 56) died at Hayton Castle. His son Richard Musgrave 2nd Baronet (age 28) succeeded 2nd Baronet Musgrave of Hayton Castle in Cumbria.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Heversham

Levens, Heversham

Around 1483 William Redman Lord Harewood died. He was buried at Levens, Heversham. His brother Edward Redman Lord Harewood (age 28) succeeded Lord Harewood. Elizabeth Huddlestone Baroness Harewood (age 33) by marriage Lord Harewood.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Irthington [Map]

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Kentmere [Map]

Kentmere Reservoir, Cumberland [Map]

The River Kent rises near Kentmere Reservoir, Cumberland [Map] from where it flows through Kentmere, Cumberland [Map], Staveley, Cumberland [Map], Kendal [Map], Sizergh, Cumberland [Map] to Sandside, Cumberland [Map] where it joins the Irish Sea.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Keswick

1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. After Aug 1811. Harriet Shelley was not only beautiful; she was amiable, accommodating, adequately well educated and well bred. She liked reading, and her reading was not strictly frivolous. But she could not (as Shelley said at a later date) "feel poetry and understand philosophy." Her attractions were all on the surface; there was (to use a common phrase) "nothing particular in her." For nearly three years Shelley and she led a shifting sort of life upon an income of £400 a year, one-half of which was allowed (after his first severe indignation at the mésalliance was past) by Mr Timothy Shelley (age 57), and the other half by Mr Westbrook. The couple left Edinburgh for York and the society of Hogg; broke with him upon a charge made by Harriet, and evidently fully believed by Shelley at the time, that, during a temporary absence of his upon business in Sussex, Hogg had tried to seduce her (this quarrel was entirely made up at the end of about a year); moved off to Keswick in Cumberland, where they received kind attentions from Southey (age 36), and some hospitality from the duke of Norfolk (age 65), who, as chief magnate in the Shoreham region of Sussex, was at pains to reconcile the father and his too unfilial heir;

On 15 Oct 1871 Francis Derwent Wood was born at Keswick, Cumberland.

Castlerigg Stone Circle

Castlerigg Stone Circle is also in North England Stone Circles.

Avebury by William Stukeley. Castlerigg [Map]

We continued our journey through this rough country, and passed half round the bottom of the famous Skiddaw, a high mountain named from its fancied likewise to a shoe (ysoyd.) Penruddoc, a town near it, with a Welsh name. These desolate and hilly regions were the retiring places of the Britons from the power of the Romans; which perhaps is the reason of the great number of temples scattered throughout the country; for a mile before we came to Keswick, on an eminence in the middle of a great concavity of those rude hills, and not far from the banks of the river Greata, I observed another Celtic work, very intire: it is 100 foot in diameter, and consists of forty ftones, some very large. At the east end of it is a grave, made of such other stones, in numfer about ten: this is placed in the very east point of the circle, and within it: there is not a stone wanting, though some are removed a little out of their first station: they call it the Castles, and, corruptly I suppofe, Castle-rig. There seemed to be another larger circle in the next pasture toward the town.

1772. Thomas Pennant. "A tour in Scotland, and voyage to the Hebrides, 1772": Castlerigg Stone Circle [Map]: "In the course of the descent, visit, under the guidance of Doctor Brownrigg (the first discoverer) a fine piece of antiquity of that kind which is attributed to the Druids. An arrangement of great stones tending to an oval figure, is to be seen near the road side, about a mile and a half from Keswick, on the summit of a pretty broad and high hill, in an arable field called Castle. The area is thirty-four yards from north to south, and near thirty from east to west; but many of the stones are fallen down, some inward, others outward: according to the plan, they are at present forty in number. At the north end, are two much larger than the rest, standing five feet and a half above the soil: between these may be supposed to have been the principal entrance; opposite to it, on the S. side, are others of nearly the same height; and on the east is one near seven feet high. But what distinguishes this from all other Druidical remains of this nature, is a rectangular recess on the east side of the area, formed of great stones, like those of the oval. These structures are considered in general to have been temples, or places of worship: the recess here mentioned seems to have been allotted for the Druids, the priests of the place, a sort of Holy of Holies, where they met separated from the vulgar, to perform their rites, their divinations, or to sit in council, to determine on controversies, to compromise all differences about limits of land, or about inheritances, or for the tryal of the greater criminals1; the Druids possessing both the office of priest and judge. The cause that this recess was placed on the east side, seems to arise from the respecy paid by the antient natives of this isle to that beneficent luminary the sun, not originally an idolatrous respect, but merely as a symbol of ths glorious all-feeing Being, its great Creator.

Note 1. Cæf. de Bello Gal. lib. vi.

1819. Castlerigg Stone Circle [Map]. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (age 46): "a Druidical circle [where] the mountains stand one behind the other, in orderly array as if evoked by and attentive to the assembly of white-vested wizards" (1799) and Keats "Scarce images of life, one here, one there,/Lay vast and edgeways; like a dismal cirque/Of Druid stones, upon a forlorn moor…"

Cumbria and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. Castlerigg Stone Circle [Map]. It has been the fashion to class this with the temples of the prehistoric ages. The magnificence of its site, and the rectangular inclosure on the eastern side,—which has been thought to be an adytum, foreshadowing the chancel of a Christian church,—have lent strength to the idea. In the present imperfect state of our knowledge on this subject, it is, however, well to refrain from using technical terms which involve the advocacy of premature theories; and to confine ourselves to such as are simply descriptive of that which meets the eye. Nothing now remains to show for what purpose this chamber was constructed. If it once contained a barrow, all traces of such an object have disappeared. A shallow circular trench, shown on the plan, within the stone-ring, but outside this chamber, at first sight looks like the remains of a barrow; but as the field was ploughed little more than a century ago, and, perhaps, continued to be for many years, it is probable that this trench is still more recent.

Cumbria and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. ART. V. Some recent Observations at the Keswick Stone Circle [Map]. By W. D. ANDERSON. Read at Carlisle, July 2nd, 1914. The various prehistoric structures which have been generically termed "Stone Circles" may be conveniently divided into three classes:-

(1) Those which have been built for sepulture, such as the Circles at Eskdale and Muir Divock;

(2) Those built for strategic purposes, such as the Circle at Carrock, Mosedale;

(3) Those which seem to have been built primarily for astronomical and religious use.

The Circle on Castlerigg [Map], near Keswick, seems to belong to this last class, and its old name, "The Druid Circle," may be a rational designation. Most authorities are agreed that these Circles date from pre-Celtic times, and many think that the Druids belonged properly to this period, but the Celtic-speaking peoples called their priests "Druids" and there is evidence to show that the Circle at Keswick was used for religious purposes in Celtic times.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Lanercost

Banks House, Lanercost

On 10 Nov 1917 John Charlton (age 68) died at Banks House, Lanercost.

Lanercost Old Bridge, Cumberland [Map]

Lanercost Priory, Cumberland [Map]

In 1383 Hugh Dacre 4th Baron Dacre Gilsland (age 48) died. He was buried at Lanercost Priory, Cumberland [Map]. In 1383 His son William Dacre 5th Baron Dacre Gilsland (age 26) succeeded 5th Baron Dacre Gilsland. Joan Douglas Baroness Dacre Gilsland by marriage Baroness Dacre Gilsland.

On 30 May 1485 Humphrey Dacre 1st Baron Dacre Gilsland (age 61) died. He was buried at Lanercost Priory, Cumberland [Map]. His son Thomas Dacre 2nd Baron Dacre Gilsland (age 17) succeeded 2nd Baron Dacre Gilsland.

On 14 Nov 1508 Mabel Parr Baroness Dacre Gilsland died. She was buried at Lanercost Priory, Cumberland [Map].

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Millom

Around 1425 John Huddlestone 7th Lord Millom was born to Richard Huddlestone (age 27) and Margaret Harrington (age 49) at Millom, Cumberland.

On 15 Apr 1513 Mary Fenwick Lady Millom died at Millom, Cumberland.

Swinside aka Sunkenkirk Stone Circle [Map]

Swinside aka Sunkenkirk Stone Circle is also in North England Stone Circles.

Swinside aka Sunkenkirk Stone Circle [Map] is a Stone Circle constructed from porphyritic slate sourced from the adjacent fells. The circle has a well defined entrance, 2.1m wide, defined by two portal stones.

Cumbria and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. ART. IV.—An Exploration of "Sunken Kirk," Swinside, Cumberland [Map]1, with Incidental Researches in its Neighbourhood. By C. W. DYMOND, F.S.A., Hon. F.S.A., Scot. Communicated at Durham, June 20th, 1901.

Note 1. An accurate plan of this circle as it stood in 1872, from which the one accompanying this paper is reproduced, illustrates a short descriptive account of it, which will be found in these Transactions, vol. v. (1880), pp. 47-50; and in the Journal of the British Archaeological Association, vol. xxxiv. (1878), p. 33. Reference may be made to those papers (especially to the former, as by much the fuller) for details not immediately connected with the present subject.

Cumbria and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. Swinside aka Sunkenkirk Stone Circle [Map]. This is a very good example of a circle built in close order; and it is probable that, when perfect, all the successive stones were nearly contiguous. The gateway points slightly down-hill. But few of the stones seem to have been removed — probably because plenty of material for walling and road-making could be collected from the neighboring hill-side. A rowan-tree has sprung up in a rift in stone No. 2, which has been rent asunder by its growth. The falling of all the stones (perhaps excepting one) inward, is a rather singular circumstance which can hardly be accounted-for by the usual natural causes.

Cumbria and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. The following is a copy of Housman's account of the circle at Swinside, to be found on pp. 471-2 of his Topographical Description, before referred to. As an early authority, it may be well to quote it here, to supplement the series of extracts which were published in the fifth volume of these Transactions, pp. 47-50:-

About three miles north-west from Duddon-bridge, in a wild country, among dreary mountains, there is a druidical temple, called Sunken-kirk [Map], which consists of a circle of large stones standing erect in the ground, and pretty close together, some of which are more than eight feet above the surface, and eleven feet in circumference. The larger stones are 50 in number, with an infinite number of smaller ones scattered about their bases. The form is nearly a circle, being 87 feet by 84 in diameter. It is seated in the level part of a high but swampy meadow, and near a solitary farmhouse. At the entrance there are four large stones, two placed on each side, at the distance of six feet."

Thwaites. The druidical temple, at Swineside [Map], is thus described by Mr. Gough, in his additions to Camden1:- "It is nearly a circle of very large stones, pretty entire, only a few fallen upon sloping ground in a swampy meadow. No situation could be more agreeable to the druids than this; mountains almost encircle it, not a tree is to be seen in the neighbourhood, nor a house, except a shepherd's cot at the foot of a mountain, sur- rounded by a few barren pastures.

"At the entrance, there are four large stones, two placed on each side, at the distance of six feet The largest on the left side, is five feet six inches in height, and ten feet in circumference. Through this you enter into a circular area, 29 yards by 30. This entrance is nearly south-east On the north or right hand side, is a huge stone, of a conical formf in height nearly nbe feet Opposite the entrance is another large stone, which has once been erect, but is now fallen within the area; its length is eight feet To the left hand or south-west is one, in height seven feet, in circumference eleven feet nine inches. The altar probably stood in the middle, as there are some stones still to be seen, sunk deep in the earth. The circle is nearly complete, except on the western, some stones are wanting. The largest stones are about 31 or 32 in number. The outward part of the circle, upon the sloping ground, is surrounded with a buttress, or rude pavement of smaller stones, raised about half a yard from the surface of the earth.

The situation and aspect of the druidical temple, near Keswick, is in every respect similar to this, except the rectangular recess, formed by ten large stones, which is peculiar to that at Keswick; but upon the whole, I think a preference will be given to this at Swineshead, as the stones in general appear much larger, and the circle more entire.

"This monument of antiquity, when viewed within the circle, strikes you with astonishment, how the massy stones could be placed in such regular order, either by human strength or mechanical power."

The Rev. Jeremiah Gilpin, A.M. of Broughton in Fumess, was so much interested in these vene- rable remains of a remote and, comparatively speaking, unknown period, that he was at the expense of having a view of them engraved, which appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine, for the year 1785.

Note 1. Vol. ii. p. 432.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Nether Denton [Map]

Nether Denton Roman Fort [Map]

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Netherby

On 25 Oct 1861 James Graham 2nd Baronet (age 69) died at Netherby, Cumberland. His son Frederick Ulric Graham 3rd Baronet (age 41) succeeded 3rd Baronet Graham of Netherby in Cumberland. Jane Hermione Seymour Lady Graham (age 29) by marriage Lady Graham of Netherby in Cumberland.

The Times. 13 Feb 1867. DEATH OF LORD FEVERSHAM. We regret to announce the death, after a short illness, of Lord Feversham (deceased), which occurred on Monday night at his residence in Great Cumberland Street. The late William Duncombe Baron Feversham (deceased), of Dancombe Park, County York, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, was son of Charles first Lord by his marriage with Lady Charlotte Legge, only daughter of William, second Earl of Dartmouth. He was born on the 14th of January, 1798, so that he was in his 69th year. The deceased nobleman was educted at Eton [Map], and afterwards proceeded to Christ Church, Oxford. He married l8th of December, 1823, Lady Louisa Stewart (age 63), third daughter of George, eighth Earl of Galloway, by whom,who survives his Lordship, he leaves issue the Hon. Wiliam E. Duncombe (age 38), M.P., and Captain the Hon. Cecil Duncombe, of the 1st Life Guards, and three daughters, the Hon Jane, married l1th of April, 1849, to the Hon. Laurence Parsons; the Hon. Gertrude (age 39), married 27th of November 1&19, to Mr. Francis Horatio Fitzroy (age 43); and the Hon. Helen, married 18th of July, 1855, to Mr. William Becket Denison. Previously to his accession to tbe peerage on the death of his father in July, 1841, he represented Yorkshire in the House of Commons from 1826 to 1830. At the general election in 1831 he was unsuceessful candidate for the coenty, but was returned for the North Riding in the following year, which he continued to represent till 18S1. He voted against the Reforzn Bill of 1832, and was uniformly in favour of agricultural protection. He took great interest in agricultural pursuit, And was a distinguished member of the Royal Agricultural Society, of which he was one of the trustees The deceased noblemna is succeded by his eldest son, the Hon. Wiliam Ernest Duncombe (age 38), above mentioned, who was born January 28 1829, and married, August 7, 1851, Mabel Violet (age 33), second daughter of the late Right Hon. Sir James Graham, of Netherby. He was M.P. for East Retford from February, 1852, to 1857 and elected for the North Riding of Yorkshire inI 1859, anA was also returned at the last general election After a sharp contest, being second on the poll. He is Captain of the Yorkshire Yeomianry (Hussars) Cavalry, and Lientenent Colonel of the 2d North Riding like his deceased father, he is a supporter of Lord Derby, but in favour of such a measure of Parliamentary Reforms would give no undue preponderance to any one class, but would ensure to a fair distribution of political privileges.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Newby East [Map]

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Orton

Gameslands Stone Circle [Map]

Gameslands Stone Circle is also in North England Stone Circles.

Gameslands Stone Circle [Map]. Historic England: Earthwork remains of a Neolithic embanked stone circle. 19th century excavation may have uncovered part of a cist in the centre of the circle. Surveyed in 1966 by N Ward and W N Rodgers, the "Circle" consists of some 30 granite-like boulders, arranged in the form of an ellipse, with an E-Waxis of about 140' and a N-W axis of about 125'. Not easy to tell whether the stones have ever been in a standing position. No sign of stones, nor of any mound, at or near the centre. There might possibly have been an 'entrance' at the south. Two worked flints and a freestone slab, "possibly once part of a cist", found 1880. (1-3). Surveyed in 1966 by N Ward and W N Rodgers, the "Circle" consists of some 30 granite-like boulders, arranged in the form of an ellipse, with an E-Waxis of about 140' and a N-W axis of about 125'. Not easy to tell whether the stones have ever been in a standing position. No sign of stones, nor of any mound, at or near the centre. There might possibly have been an 'entrance' at the south. Two worked flints and a freestone slab, "possibly once part of a cist", found 1880. (1-3)

Cumbria and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. ARTICLE. XVIII. — Stone Circle at Gamelands [Map], Bland House Brow, Township of Raisbeck, Parish of Orton, Westmorland. By R. S. FERGUSON, F.S.A. Read at Penrith, January 20th, 1881.

During the summer of 1880, one of our members, (Miss Bland, author of "A Link between two Westmorlands1,") requested me, at her expense, to have surveyed for the purposes of this Society the important stone circle, whose site is defined (rather in pedantic manner, some may think) at the head of this paper. I secured the services of Mr. J. Robinson and Mr. J. B. Harvey, and armed with a photograph, and guided by Colonel Burn of Orton Hall, we reached the proper place, where a labourer was in waiting; Canon Weston also joined us.

Note 1. Transactions, vol. 5, between pp. 24 and 25.

Cumbria and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. Dr. Burn lived within five miles of the place, but he took no interest in such remains; the stone circle at Gamelands [Map] is within a mile of his house; he does not even mention it in his history, yet it is one of the most important in England. No wonder, then, that his account of the Shap Stones is inaccurate, and that he made no plan of them. But even so long ago as his day the era of destruction had set in. He says the common people had used several of the stones as foundations of houses, and cut up others into millstones.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Outhgill

Pendragon Castle, Cumberland

After 12 Aug 1332 Edward Balliol I King Scotland (age 49) stayed at Pendragon Castle, Cumberland.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Penrith

Little Salkeld, Cumberland

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Ravenglass

Muncaster, Cumberland

Muncaster Castle, Ravenglass

On 11 Nov 1816 Charles Hugh Lindsay was born to James Lindsay 7th Earl Balcarres 24th Earl of Crawford (age 33) at Muncaster Castle, Ravenglass [Map].

The Times. 17 Jan 1918. THE EARL OF CARLISLE (age 23) AND MISS RUTHVEN (age 21).

The Marriage of Lieutenant the Earl of Carlisle (age 23) and Miss Bridget Helen Ruthven (age 21) eldest daughter of the Master of Ruthven (age 47) and the Hon. Mrs. Ruthven took place yesterday at St. Paul's Church, Knightsbridge. The ceremony was performed by the Bishop of Oxford (Dr. Charles Gore) (age 64), cousin of the bride. assisted bv the Rev. Canon Sheppard, D.D. Sub-Dean of the Chapel Royal (age 37).

The bride, who was given away by her father (age 47) wore a gown of cloth of silver, covered with Old Brussels lace. and lace sleeves, and as tulle veil vith wreath of real orange blossom. and carried a bouquet of myrtle. She was attended by three little pages and one bridesmaid. The pages were Master Patrick Hore-Ruthven, son of Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. Alexander and Mrs. Hore-Ruthvcn, couson of the bride Master Michael Henley son or the Hon. Francis and Lady Dorothy Henley; and Master Anthony Toynbee son of Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Toynbee, cousins of the bridegroom. They wore Kate Greenaway costumes of pale pink satin, with lawn collars and cuffs. The bridesmaid, Miss Jean Ruthven, sister of the bride, also wore pale pink satin, with a ruby-coloured velvet waistband embroidered in silver, a pale pink veil, with wreath of green leaves. She carried a small bouquet of myrtle. Lioutetant Henry Bovell, R.N.. was best man.

Among those present were:-.

The Hon. Mrs. Ruthven and the Misses Ruthven, Mrs. Jampson grandmother of the bride. Lord Ruthven, the Hon. Mrs. Alexander Hore-Ruthin. the Hon. Geoffrey Howard. M.P.. Professor Gilbert Murray and Lady Mary Murray. Lady Cecelia Roberts. Lady Dorothy Hanley, Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Toynbee. the Duchess of Buccleuch and lady Sybil Scott, Winifred Countess of Arran, Lady Winifred Gore and Mrs. Dougal Malcolm, Mr. and Lady Mary Ehart, Viscountess Hambleden and the Hon. Edith Smith, Lord Sheffield, Viscount and Viscountess Dunluce. the Countess of Selkirk, Lord and Lady Stuart-Wortley, Grace Countess of Weymss, the Dowager Countems of Airlie. Lady Helen Mitford, Mrs. L'Estrange. Mrs. L'Estrange Malone, Lady Alwyne Compton. Lady Victoria Russell and the Misses Russell. Lady Jane Combe and the Misses Combe. Lady Blanche Conyngham, Lady (Francis) Howard, Lady Gore, Baroness Geneville aind Miss Winifred Paget.....

Men from nthe ship on which the Earl of Carlislc served at the Battle of Jutlaud formed a Guard of honour as the brlde and bridegroom left the church. There was no reception after the ceremony, but relatives went on to Farm House, Pont-street. Later the Earl (age 23) and Countess of Carlisle (age 21) left to spend the honeymoon at Muncaster Castle [Map], the brlde vearing a dress of mole-coloured chiffon velvet with a fur coat aud a mole velvet toque.

St Michael's Church, Muncaster [Map]

On 26 Aug 1905 Frederick Reynolds (age 73) died. He was buried at St Michael's Church, Muncaster [Map].

On 01 Oct 1914 Alfred Jerome Vassalli (age 33) died of pneumonia (or possibly of wounds) at the King Edward VII Hospital, Windsor. He was buried at St Michael's Church, Muncaster [Map]. He was Corporal with the 2nd King Edward's Horse.

On 22 Feb 1956 Annie Pembroke Reynolds (age 76) died. She was buried at St Michael's Church, Muncaster [Map].

On 06 Oct 1958 John Frecheville Ramsden 6th Baronet (age 81) died. He was buried at St Michael's Church, Muncaster [Map]. His son Geoffrey William Pennington-Ramsden 7th Baronet (age 54) succeeded 7th Baronet Pennington-Ramsden of Byram in Yorkshire.

On 17 Aug 1992 Frederick John Vassalli (age 80) died. He was buried at St Michael's Church, Muncaster [Map].

On 08 Dec 2001 Eleanor Hannah Casson (age 91) died. She was buried at St Michael's Church, Muncaster [Map].

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Sandside [Map]

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Scafell Pike

In 1818 Dorothy Wordsworth (age 46) wrote of an ascent of Scafell Pike, Cumberland with her friend Mary Barker, Miss Barker's maid, and two local people to act as guide and porter.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Scaleby

Around 1617 Edward Musgrave 1st Baronet was born to William Musgrave of Hayton Castle (age 21) at Scaleby, Cumberland.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Shap

Gunnerkeld Stone Circle [Map]

Gunnerkeld Stone Circle is also in North England Stone Circles.

Gunnerkeld Stone Circle [Map]. Historic England:

The monument is Gunnerkeld concentric stone circle which is located 200m south-west of Gunnerwell Farm on the top of a slight ridge. The monument includes an outer circle measuring c.30m north-south by 24m east-west of 19 large granite stones, threeof which are upright and just over 1m tall. There is an entrance on the northern side of the outer circle between two of these large stones. Within the outer circle is an inner circle measuring c.18m north-south by 16m east-west of 31 granite stones. This inner circle forms the kerb of an earth and stone cairn up to 1m high. Limited antiquarian excavation of the central cairn located a stone cist.

Cumbria and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. ARTICLE XL.—Gunnerkeld Stone Circle [Map].1 By C. W. DYMOND, M. Inst. C.E., F.S.A.

This remarkable, though little known, megalithic monument is situated at Gunnerkeld2, a mile and a half north of Shap, in Westmorland, and four or five hundred yards off the Appleby road, where it crosses a hollow three quarters of a mile east of the point at which that road leaves the one from Shap to Penrith. The site is in the midst of a valley dipping towards the north-north-west, on a low, grassy tongue formed by a gentle depression on one side, and a little wady3 on the other. It is on the border of a region fertile in prehistoric antiquities beyond most others in Britain. A mile to the south of Shap, the remains of a fine megalithic circle may be seen close to the fence of the railway which has swept away the larger part. Proceeding northward, close to the village, are the relics of what must once have been a grand parallellithon, second only, among our insular antiquities, to those at Avebury, and trending towards two massive boulders, a furlong apart,—the farthest called Thunder Stone,—which lie on rising ground about a mile to the north-west. In another direction, a mile to the east of Shap church, poised on a brow of rock, is a third boulder which, though it may have been placed there by human hands, is much more likely to be a bloc perché, for reasons to be presently given. The chain of heights bounding the Shap valley on the east, crowned by tumuli alternating with stone circles and a British camp, looks clown into a group of inclosures, regarded as the remains of aboriginal settlements, which are scattered over the lower slopes on the other side.

Note 1. This article is reproduced by the kind permission of the author, and of the Council of the British Archæological Association, from the Journal of the Association, volume XXXV., p. 368.

Note 2. In local parlance this word simply means "Sportsman's Spring." It should properly be Gunner's Keld, but the possessive s is usually dropped by the people of the north-west country.

Note 3. There is no English equivalent.

Cumbria and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. To sum up the distinctive characteristics of "Sunken Kirk [Map]":—it is a circle with stones in close order, each set in a bed of small stones, having a gateway, and yielding no evidence of having been sepulchral or connected with funeral rites.

Finally, it may be instructive to note the points of resemblance and of difference between "Sunken Kirk [Map]" and Gunnerkeld [Map]. Both are furnished with gateways; the former is not sepulchral, the latter is. The general affinities of "Sunken Kirk [Map]" are with Long Meg [Map] and Castle-rigg [Map]; those of Gunnerkeld with the double ring at Oddendale [Map].

Oddendale Stone Circle [Map]

Oddendale Stone Circle is also in North England Stone Circles.

Cumbria and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. 1st. Variety in the Interments. For instance an exploration of the circle No. 4. disclosed a deposit of burnt bones lying in the soil, accompanied by a food vessel; in cairn No. 5. the calcined bones and ashes had been held in a mortuary urn; whilst under the White Raise or No. 10. there was found inhumed in a stone coffin the whole skeleton in a doubled-up position.

The same story is told by Canon Greenwell and other barrow explorers, that burial by inhumation and by cremation was coeval, and was practised by the same people at the same period of time, and that the two modes of sepulture had been found existing in the vicinity of each other, or even under the same superincumbent barrow.

The recent discoveries in the neighbourhood of Penrith, in respect to the contents of prehistoric graves, indicate that in this part of the country at least, the usage of cremation and that of inhumation and cist burial were practised indiscriminately. Under the Redhill sculptured stone1, I found the cremated remains without an urn; at Moorhouses the calcined bones in an urn; within the Leacet circles2 as described by Mr. R. S. Ferguson, and Mr. Joseph Robinson, the interment had been by cremation, and there were found five cinerary urns, a food vessel, and an incense cup; whilst under the Clifton barrow we had two kist-vaens with unburnt skeletons in company with their food vessels.2 great 100 feet circle No. 13. or the 'Cockpit,' there is a higher development, which brings it into association with some of our most important megalithic monuments. Along and within the circumference of the big inclosure, there are four subordinate segmental sepulchral circles. So we find the great 100 feet Keswick circle, to contain in the same manner on its eastern side an accessory stone inclosure, and also the site of a circular barrow; the 100 feet circle at Eskdale Muir [Map] includes within its ring five circular tumuli; the 100 feet double circle at Gunner-keld [Map], has within its inner belt a segmental chamber; the same feature is presented by the analogous circle at Oddendale [Map] near Shap.

Note 1. Trans. Cumb. and West. Arche ol. Soc. vol. vi. p. no.

Note 2. Ditto. vol. v. p. 77.

Note 2. Ditto. vol. v. p. 90.

Shap Abbey [Map]

Around 1199 Shap Abbey [Map] was built at its present site. It was a religious house of the Premonstratensian Order. It had been founded on another site twenty miles south of Kendal in 1190.

After 24 Jun 1314 Robert Clifford 1st Baron Clifford (age 40) was buried at Shap Abbey [Map].

Shap Stones [Map]

Shap Stones is also in North England Stone Circles.

Avebury by William Stukeley. SHAP [Map]. On the south side of the town of Shap, six miles fouth of Penrith, we saw the beginning of a great Celtic avenue, on a green common. This is just beyond the horrid and rocky fells, where a good country begins. This avenue is seventy foot broad, composed of very large stones, set at equal intervals: it seems to be closed at this end, which is on an eminence, and near a long flattish barrow, with stone works upon it: hence it proceeds northward to the town, which intercepts the continuation of it, and was the occasion of its ruin; for many of the stones are put under the foundations of houses and walls, being pushed by machines they call a betty or blown up with gunpowder. Though its journey be northward, yet it makes a very large curve, or arc of a circle, as those at Abury, and passes over a brook too. A spring likewise arises in it, near the Greyhound inn. By the brook is a little round sacellum composed of twelve stones, but lesser ones, set by one great stone belonging to the side of the avenue: the interval of the stones is thirty-five foot, half the breadth of the avenue: the stones, no doubt, did all stand upright, because three or four still do; but they were not much higher then, than now as fallen, because of their figure, which is thick and shiort: they are very large, and prodigiously hard, being nothing else but a congeries of crystals of very large sizes, of a flakey nature. Houses and fields lie across the track of this avenue, and some of the houses lie in the inclosure: it ascends the hill, crosses the common road to Penrith, and so goes into the corn-fields on the other side of the way west ward, where some stones are left standing; one particularly remarkable, called Guggleby Stone. The people say these were set up by enchantment: and the better sort of folks, as absurdly affirm, they are made by art. I doubt not but they are gathered somewhere off the surface, among the fells, and that here was a great temple of the old Britons, such as that at Abury, which it resembles very much, as far as I can judge at present; for the rainy weather, which in this country is almost perpetual, hindered me from making at this time a thorough disquisition into it. The ground it runs over consists of gentle risings and fallings, but in general declines toward the west: it is here, and for a great way further north, east and west, a very fine downy turf, and pleasant hills; or at least they seemed so after the rugged and barren views and roads we had just passed: but the country under this turf is a lime-stone, quite different from the stones of the avenue. In our journey hither the country is far worse than the peaks of Derbyshire, and nothing to entertain the eye but the numerous and rare cataracts; whole rivers, and the whole continuance of them, being nothing else; the water every where running among the rocks with great violence and rapidity: even the springs burst out of the ground, and rise into the air with a surprising push: therefore the Britons erected this laborious work very conveniently, beyond that uncultivated frontier, and in a country where they might range about in their chariots at pleasure. I guess, by the crebrity and number of the stones remaining, there must have been two hundred on a side: near them in several places are remains of circles to be seen, of stones set on end; but there are no quantity of barrows about the place, which I wonder at. Though these stones are not of such a flat form as those at Abury, nor so big as some there; yet they are very large, and as heavy as any of those in the avenues there. The site of the place is pretty much bounded eastward by the hill that way adjacent; but there is a large prospect westward, and the country descends that way to a great distance. At a place called in the maps Stone-heaps, we saw a cairn or barrow made of stones: all the tops of the fells, I am told, abound with these crystallised stones.

Archaeological Journal Volume 18 The Shap Stones. The Antiquities Of Shap [Map] In The County Of Westmorland. By The Rev. James Simpson, Vicar of Shap. Communicated to the Section of Antiquities, at the Meeting of the Institute at Carlisle, July, 1859

The antiquities of Shap and its neighbourhood do not seem to have received that attention which they "well deserve. Remote in situation, and until late years difficult of access, the locality was almost unknown to those early writers from whose pages we gather so many particulars relating to other parts of the country. And yet its situation and difficulty of access ought to have made it the more interesting to antiquaries. Surrounded by mountains and trackless moors, only approachable from the south through the narrow pass at Borough Bridge, it would naturally be the last refuge of the earlier occupants as they fled before more powerful tribes; the numerous traces of embankments on the more elevated and harder ground tell of many a fierce conflict, and show that the invader had no light task to drive out or to destroy those who had possession. We search the records of history in vain for any account of these men or of their deeds; if we are to trace anything of them,—whence they came or when they lived, we must learn it from the mounds which cover their ashes, or from the rocks, the hills and streams to which they have given their names. It is not, however, my object to write a history of the district, but to offer some notices of its antiquities and of their former condition.

Cumbria and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. ARTICLE IV. — Shap Stones [Map]. By THE PRESIDENT. Read at Shap Wells, July 15th, 1897.

"Shap Stones" are familiar, by name at least, to all the members of this society, but as a matter of fact, few, if any of us, know anything about them, or are able to point to any trustworthy account of them in print. The words are capable of two meanings, a fact which has produced much confusion and misunderstanding. Sometimes they are held to include all the megalithic monuments in the Shap district, including the stone circles at Gunnerkeld [Map], at Gamelands [Map], and elsewhere; at other times they are restricted to the stones at the actual village or town of Shap. With these I now propose to deal, and will begin by referring to what is already on record about them.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Sizergh [Map]

In 1466 Douce Croft (age 51) died in Sizergh, Cumberland [Map].

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Solway Moss [Map]

On 25 Nov 1542 Thomas Wharton 1st Baron Wharton (age 47) commanded the English forces at Battle of Solway Moss at Solway Moss, Cumberland [Map]. John Thynne (age 27) fought. Of the Scottish army Malcolm Fleming 3rd Lord Fleming (age 48), Gilbert Kennedy 3rd Earl Cassilis (age 27) and Laurence Oliphant 3rd Lord Oliphant fought.

William Graham 3rd Earl Menteith (age 42) was captured. He was ransomed in 1453.

William Cunningham 4th Earl Glencairn (age 49) was captured and committed to the custody of Thomas Howard 3rd Duke of Norfolk (age 69). He was released on payment of a ransom of a thousand pounds and subscribing by his own hand to support Henry VIII's (age 51) project of a marriage between the young King Edward VI of England and Ireland (age 5) and the Mary Queen of Scots.

Malcolm Fleming 3rd Lord Fleming (age 48) was captured.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, St Bees

Cross Hill House, St Bees

Around 1519 Archbishop Edmund Grindal was born in Cross Hill House, St Bees.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Staveley [Map]

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Threlkeld

In 1450 Lancelot Threlkeld was born to Lancelot Threlkeld (age 15) and Margaret Bromflete Baroness Clifford (age 16) at Threlkeld, Cumberland.

In 1463 Jane Threlkeld was born to Lancelot Threlkeld (age 28) and Margaret Bromflete Baroness Clifford (age 29) at Threlkeld, Cumberland.

Around 1466 James Threlkeld was born to Lancelot Threlkeld (age 31) and Margaret Bromflete Baroness Clifford (age 32) at Threlkeld, Cumberland.

Around 1468 Elizabeth Threlkeld was born to Lancelot Threlkeld (age 33) and Margaret Bromflete Baroness Clifford (age 34) at Threlkeld, Cumberland.

Around 1470 Christopher Threlkeld was born to Lancelot Threlkeld (age 35) and Margaret Bromflete Baroness Clifford (age 36) at Threlkeld, Cumberland.

In 1502 Margaret Threlkeld (age 43) died at Threlkeld, Cumberland.

In Dec 1512 Lancelot Threlkeld (age 62) died at Threlkeld, Cumberland.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Tufton

On 21 Feb 1531 Elizabeth Clifford (age 70) died at Tufton, Cumberland.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Ulverston

Birkrigg Stone Circle [Map]

Birkrigg Stone Circle is also in North England Stone Circles.

Birkrigg Stone Circle [Map] is two non-concentric Stone Circles, the outer measuring 26 m and consisting of 15 stones and the inner being 9 m wide and consisting of 10 stones. None of the stones is more than 0.6m tall. A well defined trench of unknown origin runs close on the North side. An excavation was conducted Sept 1911 by the North Lonsdale Field Club. The area of both circles was found to be roughly paved with cobbles. Four cremations were unearthed from the inner circle, a fifth beneath an inverted cinerary urn and a sandstone disc was found. A second excavation, 1921, generally confirmed the above and produced a few small stone implements of dubious classification. The date of its construction and use is uncertain.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Urswick

On 22 Feb 1440 William Harrington (age 67) died at Hornby Castle [Map]. He was buried at Urswick, Cumberland.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Wetheral [Map]

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Whitehaven

In Feb 1698 Lawrence Washington (age 38) died at Whitehaven, Cumberland.

On 30 Jan 1701 Mildred Warner (age 30) died at Whitehaven, Cumberland.

In 1707 Richard Smith was born in Whitehaven, Cumberland.

On 04 Mar 1776 Mary Elizabeth Ponsonby Countess Grey was born to William Ponsonby 1st Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly in County Cork (age 31) and Louisa Molesworth Countess Fitzwilliam (age 27) in Whitehaven, Cumberland.

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Workington

In 1917 Joseph Edwin Sewell (age 17) elisted at Workington.

St Michael's Church, Workington [Map]

Around 1571 Mary Anne Fairfax (age 41) died. She was buried at St Michael's Church, Workington [Map].

Workington Hall [Map]

On 16 May 1568 Mary Queen of Scots (age 25) escaped across the Solway Firth into England. The following day, 17 May 1568 she wrote to her cousin Queen Elizabeth I of England and Ireland (age 34) from Workington Hall [Map]. The letter states ...

describes the treasonable actions of her enemies, who 'have robbed me of everything I had in the world' and expresses her confidence in Elizabeth 'not only for the safety of my life, but also to aid and assist me in my just quarrel'. Describing herself as Elizabeth's 'very faithful and affectionate good sister, cousin and escaped prisoner, Mary begs for an audience; 'I entreat you to send to fetch me as soon as you possibly can', for 'I am', she bemoans, 'in a pitiable condition, not only for a queen, but for a gentlewoman, for I have nothing in the world but what I had on my person when I made my escape, travelling sixty miles across the country the first day, and not having since ever ventured to proceed except by night, as I hope to declare before you if it pleases you to have pity, as I trust you will, upon my extreme misfortune.''

Europe, British Isles, North-West England, Cumberland, Yanwath

In 1468 Margaret Threlkeld was born to Lancelot Threlkeld (age 33) and Margaret Bromflete Baroness Clifford (age 34) at Yanwath, Cumberland.

On 22 Apr 1493 Lancelot Threlkeld (age 58) died at Yanwath, Cumberland.

In 1500 Richard Dudley was born to Thomas Dudley (age 25) and Grace Threlkeld (age 14) at Yanwath, Cumberland.

On 01 Jan 1593 Richard Dudley (age 93) died at Yanwath, Cumberland.