Biography of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland 1600-1649

Paternal Family Tree: Stewart

Maternal Family Tree: Sophie Mecklenburg-Schwerin Queen Consort Denmark 1557-1631

1600 Baptism of Prince Charles

1603 Death of Queen Elizabeth I Accession of James I

1605 New Years Honours

1610 Tethy's Festival Masque

1614 Spanish Match

1616 Investiture of Charles as Prince of Wales

1623 Charles I's Trip to Spain

1625 Death of James I

1625 Useless Parliament

1625 Proxy Marriage of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France

1625 Charles I and Henrietta Maria's First Meeting

1626 English Coronation of Charles I

1630 Knight of the Garter Appointments

1633 Knight of the Garter Appointments

1640 Short Parliament

1640 Second Bishop's War

1640 Treaty of Ripon

1641 Trial and Execution of the Earl of Strafford

1641 Jul 1641 Creation of Baronets

1641 Treaty of London

1642 King Charles I Attacks Parliament

1642 Battle of Edge Hill

1643 First Battle of Newbury

1645 King Charles I Rewards his Supporters

1645 Battle of Rowton Heath aka Moor

1647 Charles I's Flight from Hampton Court Palace

1648 Treaty of Newport

1649 Trial of Charles I

1649 Rump Parliament

1649 Pride's Purge

1649 Execution of Charles I

1661 Creation of Baronets and Peerages by Charles II Post Coronation

1682 Sinking of the Gloucester

On 23 Nov 1589 [his father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 23) and [his mother] Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland (age 14) were married at Bishop's Palace. She by marriage Queen Consort Scotland. She the daughter of Frederick II King Denmark and Sophie Mecklenburg-Schwerin Queen Consort Denmark (age 32). He the son of Henry "Lord Darnley" Stewart and Mary Queen of Scots. They were third cousin once removed. He a great x 2 grandson of King Henry VII of England and Ireland.

On 19 Nov 1600 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland was born to King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 34) and Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland (age 25) at Dunfermline Palace, Dunfermline.

Baptism of Prince Charles

On 23 Dec 1600 the future King Charles I was baptised at Holyrood Palace [Map]. He was created Duke Albany.

Death of Queen Elizabeth I Accession of James I

On 24 Mar 1603 Elizabeth I (age 69) died at Richmond Palace [Map] around three in the morning. Her first cousin twice removed [his father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 36) succeeded I King England Scotland and Ireland.

Immediately following her death Robert Carey 1st Earl Monmouth (age 43) started on horseback for Edinburgh to inform King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 36) arriving at Holyrood Palace [Map] late on the 26 Mar 1603. His conduct met with general disapproval and merited censure as contrary to all decency, good manners and respect. George Carew and Thomas Lake (age 35) were sent by the Council to formally inform James of her death.

On 15 Aug 1604 and 16 Aug 1604 Prince Charles (age 3) and Alexander Seton (age 49) lodged at the Leicester townhouse of William Skipwith (age 40) on their way to London.

New Years Honours

On 05 Jan 1605 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 4) was created 1st Duke York and Knight of the Bath by his father [his father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 38)

Francis Manners 6th Earl of Rutland (age 27) and Thomas Somerset 1st Viscount Somerset (age 26) was @@appointed Knight of the Bath.

Memorials of affairs of state in the reigns of Q Elizabeth and K James I Volume 2 Dudley Carleton to Mr Winwood Jan 1605. On Twelfth-Day we had the Creation of Duke Charles (age 4) now Duke of York; the Interim was entertained with making Knights of the Bath, which was three Days Work. They were eleven in Number, besides the little Duke, all of the King's Choice; namely, the Lords Willoby, Compton, Chandois, and Norres; William Cecyll, Allen Percy, Thomas Somerset (age 26), Francis Manners (age 27), Clifford, young Howard, second Son of my Lord Chamberlaine, and Harrington. The Solemnity of the Creation was kept in the Hall, where first the Duke (age 4) was brought in accompanyed with his Knights, then carried out againe, and brought back by Earles in their Robes of the Garter. My Lord Admiral bare him, two others went as Supporters, and six marched before with the Ornaments. The Patent was read by my Lord of Cranborne (age 13), and drawn in most eloquent Law Latin by Mr. Attorney; but so, that we have a Duke of York in Title, but not in Substance. There was a publick Dinner in the great Chamber, where there was one Table for the Duke and his Earls Assistants, another for his Fellow Knights of the Bath.

Tethy's Festival Masque

On 05 Jun 1610 the Tethy's Festival Masque was performed at Whitehall Palace [Map] to celebrate the the investiture of [his brother] Prince Frederick (age 16) as Prince of Wales. The script was written by Samuel Daniel at the request of the [his mother] Queen (age 35), who appeared in person as Tethys a goddess of the sea. Inigo Jones (age 36) designed the staging and scenery.

Prince Charles (age 9) took the part of Zephyrus,.

[his sister] Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 13) appeared as the companion or daughter of Tethys, the "Nymph of Thames",.

Arabella Stewart (age 35) took the part of the "Nymph of Trent",.

Alethea Talbot Countess Arundel, Surrey and Norfolk (age 25) as "Nymph of Arun".

Elizabeth Vere Countess Derby (age 34) as "Nymph of Derwent",.

Frances Howard Countess Essex and Somerset (age 20) as "Nymph of Lee",.

Anne Clifford Countess Dorset and Pembroke (age 20) as "Nymph of Air",.

Susan Vere Countess Montgomery (age 23) as "Nymph of Severn",.

Elizabeth Radclyffe Viscountess Haddington as "Nymph of Rother",.

Elizabeth Talbot Countess Kent (age 28) as "Nymph of Medway",.

Four sisters, daughters of Edward Somerset 4th Earl of Worcester (age 60) and Elizabeth Hastings Countess of Worcester (age 64), danced as the rivers of Monmouthshire:

Catherine Somerset Baroness Windsor (age 35) the "Nymph of Usk".

Katherine Somerset Baroness Petre (age 35) the "Nymph of Olwy".

Elizabeth Somerset (age 20) the "Nymph of Dulesse" (Dulas), and.

Mary Wintour the "Nymph of Wye".

In 1611 Maximilian Colt (age 36) carved 'a crown on the head of the Duke of York's (age 10) barge,' and in the following years he was employed in decorating the king's and queen's private barges. The last payment for this work was made on 14 Oct 1624.

In 1611 Robert "The Elder" Peake (age 60). Portrait of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 10) in his Garter Robes and Leg Garter.

In 1611 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 10) was appointed 405th Knight of the Garter by [his father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 44).

On 10 Jul 1613 Robert "The Elder" Peake (age 62) was paid £13.6s.8d. by the vice-chancellor of the University of Cambridge, "in full satisfaction for Prince Charles (age 12) his picture", for a full-length portrait which is still in the Cambridge University Library.

Spanish Match

1614. The "Spanish Match" was the proposed marriage between Prince Charles (age 13), the son of [his father] King James I of Great Britain (age 47), and Infanta Maria Anna of Spain (age 7), the daughter of Philip III of Spain (age 35). Negotiations took place over the period 1614 to 1623, and during this time became closely related to aspects of British foreign and religious policy, before breaking down completely.

Investiture of Charles as Prince of Wales

On 04 Nov 1616 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 15) was created Prince of Wales. Robert Radclyffe 5th Earl of Sussex (age 43) carried the Purple Ermined Robe.

James Wriothesley (age 11), brothers Robert Howard (age 32) and William Howard, George Berkeley 8th Baron Berkeley (age 15), Henry Carey 1st Viscount Falkland (age 41) and John Cavendish were appointed Knight of the Bath.

In 1617 Sir David Foulis sold Henry Vane "The Elder" (age 27) the post of cofferer to the Prince of Wales (age 16), and he continued to hold this office after Charles (age 16) had become king.

On 02 Mar 1619 [his mother] Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland (age 44) died.

On 04 Jan 1621 Charles Wilmot 1st Viscount Wilmot (age 49) was created 1st Viscount Wilmot of Athlone by King Charles I (age 20) as a reward for his activities in Ireland.

On 08 Jan 1621 Mountjoy Blount 1st Earl Newport (age 24) took part in a Masque before King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 20) staged by James Hay 1st Earl Carlisle (age 41) at Essex House.

Around Feb 1621 Francis Norreys 1st Earl Berkshire (age 41) was imprisoned for attacking Emanuel Scrope 1st Earl of Sunderland (age 36) in front of the House of Lords in the presence the future King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 20) at Fleet Prison [Map].

Charles I's Trip to Spain

Autobiography Simon D'Ewes. 17 Feb 1623. There happened on Monday, the 17th day of the month, so strange an accident as after ages will scarce believe it. For Charles Prince of Wales (age 22) began his journey from London into Spain on Monday, the 17th day of February, with the beloved Marquis of Buckingham (age 30), Sir Francis Cottington (age 44), and Mr. Endimion Porter (age 36), only in his campaign; who only, besides the King himself, were the alone men aquainted with the Prince's resolution. Their going was so secretly carried as none, I believe, knew of it in England till they were landed in France, through which kingdom they passed by posthorse into Spain.1 The journey was thought so dangerous, being above 1100 English miles by land, besides the crossing of the seas between Dover and Calais, as all men were generally ensaddened at the ad- venture, often wishing it had been better advised upon; although they knew the Spaniards durst do the Prince no harm, so long as his royal sister and her illustrious oflspring survived. Soon after followed the Lord Hays (age 43), Earl of Carlisle, and passed into France to excuse to that King the Prince's sudden and secret passing through his kingdom without giving him a visit. All men now took it for granted, that the Prince's marriage with the Infanta Maria, the King of Spain's sister, was concluded on, and that he went over only to consummate it; no man imagining that he would take up such a resolution upon uncertainties, especially occasioning so vast and unnecessary expense at a time when the King's wants pressed him much. But God, whose decree binds princes as well as peasants, had otherwise disposed, so as our royal suitor, arriving at Madrid in Spain on Friday the 7th (or 17th) of March, about three weeks later his departure from London, and taking ship for his return to England on the 18th (or 28th) of September, then next ensuing, stayed in Spain about seven months; in all which time he seldom saw or spoke with the Spanish Princess, nor could ever receive a fair or sincere denial from her brother, although her marriage had been absolutely disposed of by her father's last will and testament; he bequeathing her to Ferdinand, son and heir of Ferdinand the Second, Emperor of Germany, who afterwards did accordingly espouse her.

Note 1. "And now behold a, strange adventure and enterprise! The Prince and the Marquis of Buckingham, accompanied with Cottington and Endimion Porter, post in disgiuse to Spain to accelerate the marriage. The 17th of February they went privately from Court, and the next day came to Dover, where they embarked for Boulogne, and from thence rode post to Paris, where they made some atop. The Prince, shadowed under a bushy peruque, beheld the splendour of that court, and had a full view of the Princess Henrietta Maria (age 13), who was afterwards his royal consort. For, besides the great privacy of the journey, they had so laid the English ports, that none should follow or give the least advertisement, until they had got the start of intelligencers, and passed the bounds of France. Howbeit they escaped narrowly, and a swift intelligence sent to the King of Spain from Don Carlos Coloma was even at their heels before they arrived at Madrid. The Prince and Buckingham being in the territories of Spain, to make but little noise, rode post before their company. The 7th of March they arrived at Madrid, the royal residence, and were conveyed with much secrecy into the Earl of Bristol's (age 43) house-Rushworth, i. p. 76. A fuller account of this extraordinary adventure will be found elsewhere.

On 07 Mar 1623 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 22), accompanied by George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham (age 30), Endymion Porter (age 36) and Richard Wynn 2nd Baronet (age 35), arrived in Madrid, incognito, in an attempt to bring to a conclusion his betrothal to Maria Anna of Spain Holy Roman Empress (age 16), much to the surprise of her brother Philip IV King Spain (age 17) and the English ambassador John Digby 1st Earl Bristol (age 43). The negotiations ultimately failed.

In 1625 Claude Guise (age 46) was appointed 423rd Knight of the Garter by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 24).

In 1625 Thomas Howard 1st Earl Berkshire (age 37) was appointed 422nd Knight of the Garter by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 24).

In 1625 Robert Heath (age 49) was appointed Attorney General by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 24).

Death of James I

On 27 Mar 1625 [his father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 58) died at Theobalds House, Hertfordshire. His son King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 24) succeeded I King England Scotland and Ireland. Duke York merged with the Crown.

Useless Parliament

On 02 Apr 1625 the first Parliament of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 24) known as the Useless Parliament sat.

Proxy Marriage of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France

On 01 May 1625 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 24) and Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England (age 15) were married by proxy at Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral [Map]. Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England (age 15) by marriage Queen Consort England.

Charles I and Henrietta Maria's First Meeting

On 13 Jun 1625 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 24) and Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England (age 15) met for the first time at St Augustine's Abbey [Map].

English Coronation of Charles I

On 02 Feb 1626 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 25) was crowned I King England Scotland and Ireland at Westminster Abbey [Map]. His wife Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England (age 16) was not crowned since she being Catholic refused to attend an Anglican service. She watched Charles at a discreet distance.

Robert Radclyffe 5th Earl of Sussex (age 52) carried the Orb.

Francis Talbot 11th Earl of Shrewsbury (age 3) bore the Second Sword of State.

Philip Herbert 4th Earl Pembroke 1st Earl Montgomery (age 41) carried the Spurs.

Francis Manners 6th Earl of Rutland (age 48) bore the Rod with the Dove.

William Cavendish 3rd Earl Devonshire (age 8), James Stanley 7th Earl of Derby (age 19), James Howard 3rd Earl Suffolk (age 6), Roger Palmer (age 49) and Mildmay Fane 2nd Earl of Westmoreland (age 24), John Maynard (age 34) were appointed Knight of the Bath.

John Rayney 1st Baronet (age 25) was knighted.

On 05 Feb 1626 James Ley 1st Earl of Marlborough (age 74) was created 1st Earl Marlborough by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 25). Jane Boteler Countess Marlborough by marriage Countess Marlborough.

On 06 Dec 1626 Simonds D'Ewes 1st Baronet (age 23) was knighted by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 26).

In 1627 King Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden (age 32) was appointed 424th Knight of the Garter by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 26).

In 1627 Richard Lovelace 1st Baron Lovelace (age 63) was created 1st Baron Lovelace by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 26).

In 1627 Frederick Henry Orange Nassau II Prince Orange (age 42) was appointed 425th Knight of the Garter by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 26).

In 1627 Theophilus Howard 2nd Earl Suffolk (age 44) was appointed 426th Knight of the Garter by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 26).

In 1627 William Armine 1st Baronet (age 33) refused to collect an arbitrary "loan" which the King (age 26) had attempted to impose on Lincolnshire, and was imprisoned as a result.

In 1628 William Compton 1st Earl of Northampton was appointed 427th Knight of the Garter by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 27).

On 13 May 1629 [his son] Charles James Stewart died.

On 13 May 1629 [his son] Charles James Stewart was born to King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 28) and Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England (age 19).

On 10 Aug 1629 Henry Carey 1st Viscount Falkland (age 54) was directed to hand over his authority as Lord Deputy of Ireland to the lords justices on the pretext that his services were required in England. King Charles I (age 28), recognising his good intentions, continued to hold him in favour.

In 1630 Ralph Dutton (age 55) was appointed Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 29).

1630 Knight of the Garter Appointments

In 1630 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 29) created four Knights of the Garter ...

428th Richard Weston 1st Earl of Portland (age 52).

429th Robert Bertie 1st Earl Lindsey (age 47).

430th William Cecil 2nd Earl Exeter (age 64).

431st James Hamilton 1st Duke Hamilton (age 23).

On 29 May 1630 [his son] King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland was born to King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 29) and Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England (age 20) at St James's Palace [Map]. He was created Duke Cornwall and Duke Rothesay the same day.

In Jan 1631 Frederick Cornwallis 1st Baron Cornwallis (age 19) and Elizabeth Ashburnham (age 18) were married. After the wedding King Charles I (age 30), Henrietta Maria (age 21) and Susan Feilding, Countess of Denbigh (age 48) wrote to congratulate his mother Jane, Baroness Cornwallis Bacon (age 50), and ask her to forgive him for his disobedience and return him to her favour. Denbigh said Ashburnham was her cousin "though her family be unfortunate".

On 05 Jul 1631 Edmund Waller (age 25) and Anne Banks were married in defiance of orders of the Privy Council of England and the Court of Aldermen of the City of London whose ward she was. Her father had left her £8000 when he died a year earlier. The Aldermen made a complaint to the Star Chamber, seeking that for the offence of marrying Anne without the court's permission the whole of the Banks fortune should be forfeited to the City of London, but they were denied such an outcome by a pardon from King Charles (age 30), who took a more tolerant view of the matter. Waller was then summoned to appear before the Court of Aldermen in December 1631, when he agreed to make a jointure of £1,000 a year to his wife, also giving her the power to spend £2,000 of her inheritance, and the Court accepted this proposal but fined him 500 marks.

On 04 Nov 1631 [his daughter] Mary Stewart Princess Orange was born to King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 30) and Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England (age 21).

1633 Knight of the Garter Appointments

In 1633 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 32) created four Knights of the Garter ...

423nd Charles Louis Palatinate Simmern (age 15).

433rd James Stewart 4th Duke Lennox 1st Duke Richmond (age 20).

434th Henry Danvers 1st Earl Danby (age 59).

435th William Douglas 7th Earl Morton (age 51).

In 1633 Anthony Van Dyck (age 33). Portrait of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 32) known as Charles I with M.De St Antoine.

On 14 Oct 1633 [his son] King James II of England Scotland and Ireland was born to King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 32) and Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England (age 23) at St James's Palace [Map]. He was created 1st Duke York at birth by his father.

In 1635 Algernon Percy 10th Earl of Northumberland (age 32) was appointed 436th Knight of the Garter by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 34).

On 19 Dec 1635 Mary Witham Baronetess Bolles (age 56) was created 1st Baronet Bolles then Jobson of Osberton by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 35). Possibly the only time a woman has been created a Baronet. There are examples of the widows of Baronets being given the rank of Baronet.

On 28 Dec 1635 [his daughter] Elizabeth Stewart was born to King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 35) and Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England (age 26).

In 1636 Stephen Goffe (age 31) was appointed chaplain to King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 35) on the recommendation of Henry Jermyn 1st Earl St Albans (age 30).

Around 1637 Anthony Van Dyck (age 37). Portrait of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 36).

In 1638 [his son] King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland (age 7) was appointed 437th Knight of the Garter by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 37).

In May 1638 George Stewart 9th Seigneur D'Aubigny (age 19) and Catherine Howard Countess Newburgh were married. They married in secret against the wishes of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 37). She the daughter of Theophilus Howard 2nd Earl Suffolk (age 55) and Elizabeth Home Countess Suffolk. He the son of Esmé Stewart 3rd Duke Lennox and Katherine Clifton Duchess Lennox.

On 27 Jul 1639 Vivian Molyneux (age 43) was knighted by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 38) at Berwick on Tweed [Map].

In 1640 Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl Strafford (age 46) was appointed 438th Knight of the Garter by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 39).

In 1640 Robert Heath (age 64) was appointed Lord Chief Justice by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 39).

In 1640 Henry Vane "The Younger" (age 26) was knighted by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 39).

On 21 Jan 1640 Mountjoy Blount 1st Earl Newport (age 43) participated with King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 39) in the extravagant masque on the theme of Philogenes, royal Lover of the People.

Short Parliament

Evelyn's Diary. 11 Apr 1640. I went to London to see the solemnity of his Majesty's (age 39) riding through the city in state to the Short Parliament, which began the 13th following,-a very glorious and magnificent sight, the King (age 39) circled with his royal diadem and the affections of his people: but the day after I returned to Wotton, Surrey [Map] again, where I stayed, my father's (age 53) indisposition suffering great intervals, till April 27th, when I was sent to London to be first resident at the Middle Temple: so as my being at the University, in regard of these avocations, was of very small benefit to me. Upon May the 5th following, was the Parliament unhappily dissolved; and, on the 20th I returned with my brother George to Wotton, Surrey [Map], who, on the 28th of the same month, was married at Albury to Mrs. Caldwell (an heiress of an ancient Leicestershire family, where part of the nuptials were celebrated).

On 05 May 1640 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 39) dissolved the Short Parliament.

Second Bishop's War

Between Jun 1640 and Oct 1640 the Second Bishop's War was an attack by the Scottish Covenanters into England against King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 39). The Scots crossed into Northumberland reaching Newcastle upon Tyne [Map]. In Oct 1640 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 39) sued for peace.

On 08 Jul 1640 [his son] Henry Stewart 1st Duke Gloucester was born to King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 39) and Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England (age 30).

Treaty of Ripon

On 26 Oct 1640 the Treaty of Ripon was a peace treaty signed by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 39) to cease the war with Scotland in the North. Charles agreed the Scots could retain large parts of northern England, and to pay them £850 per day until the Aug 1641 1641 Treaty of London.

Evelyn's Diary. 30 Dec 1640. I saw his Majesty (age 40) (coming from his Northern Expedition) ride in pomp and a kind of ovation, with all the marks of a happy peace, restored to the affections of his people, being conducted through London with a most splendid cavalcade; and on the 3d of November following (a day never to be mentioned without a curse), to that long ungrateful, foolish, and fatal Parliament, the beginning of all our sorrows for twenty years after, and the period of the most happy monarch in the world: Quis talia fando!

In 1641 Philip Herbert 4th Earl Pembroke 1st Earl Montgomery (age 56) struck Henry Howard 22nd Earl Arundel 5th Earl Surrey 2nd Earl Norfolk (age 32) with a cane during a Meeting in the House of Lords. King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 40) replaced him as Lord Chamberlain with Robert Devereux 3rd Earl Essex (age 49).

In 1641 Charles Cotterell Master of the Ceremonies (age 25) was appointed Master of the Ceremonies by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 40).

In 1641 William Spring 1st Baronet (age 28) was knighted by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 40).

In 1641 Elizabeth Darcy 1st Countess Rivers (age 60) was created 1st Earl Rivers for life by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 40) since she had been passed over when her father's Earldom Earl Rivers passed from her father to her eldest son John Savage 2nd Earl Rivers (age 37).

In 1641 Alexander Leslie 1st Earl Leven (age 61) was created 1st Earl Leven by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 40).

In 1641 James Stewart 4th Duke Lennox 1st Duke Richmond (age 28) was created 1st Duke Richmond by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 40). Mary Villiers Duchess Lennox Duchess Richmond (age 19) by marriage Duchess Richmond.

Trial and Execution of the Earl of Strafford

On 13 Apr 1641 Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl Strafford (age 48) was attainted by 204 votes to 59 ostensibly for his authoritarian rule as Lord Deputy of Ireland. Despite his promise not to King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 40) signed the death warrant on the 10 May 1641 in the light of increasing pressure from Parliament and the commons.

Wenceslaus Hollar (age 33). Engraving of the Trial of Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl Strafford (age 48) with the following marked:

A. King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 40).

C. Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England (age 31).

D. [his son] King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland (age 10).

E. Thomas Howard 21st Earl Arundel 4th Earl Surrey 1st Earl Norfolk (age 55), Lord High Steward.

F. Henry Montagu 1st Earl Manchester (age 78), Lord Keeper of the Great Seal.

G. John Paulet 5th Marquess Winchester (age 43).

H. Robert Bertie 1st Earl Lindsey (age 58), Lord Chamberlain.

I. Philip Herbert 4th Earl Pembroke 1st Earl Montgomery (age 56), Lord Chamberlain of the Household.

V. Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl Strafford (age 48).

Z. Alethea Talbot Countess Arundel, Surrey and Norfolk (age 56).

Wenceslaus Hollar: On 23 Jul 1607 he was born. Pepy's Diary. 22 Nov 1666. Up, and to the office, where we sat all the morning, and my Lord Bruncker did show me Hollar's new print of the City, with a pretty representation of that part which is burnt, very fine indeed; and tells me that he was yesterday sworn the King's servant, and that the King hath commanded him to go on with his great map of the City, which he was upon before the City was burned, like Gombout of Paris, which I am glad of. On 25 Mar 1677 he died.

Evelyn's Diary. 15 Apr 1641 I repaired to London to hear and see the famous trial of the Earl of Strafford, Lord-Deputy of Ireland (age 48), who, on the 22nd of March, had been summoned before both Houses of Parliament, and now appeared in Westminster Hall [Map], which was prepared with scaffolds for the Lords and Commons, who, together with the King (age 40), Queen (age 31), Prince (age 10), and flower of the noblesse, were spectators and auditors of the greatest malice and the greatest innocency that ever met before so illustrious an assembly. It was Thomas Earl of Arundel and Surrey (age 55), Earl Marshal of England, who was made High Steward upon this occasion; and the sequel is too well known to need any notice of the event.

Evelyn's Diary. 12 May 1641, I beheld on Tower-hill [Map] the fatal stroke which severed the wisest head in England from the shoulders of the Earl of Strafford (age 48), whose crime coming under the cognizance of no human law, or statute, a new one was made, not to be a precedent, but his destruction. With what reluctancy the King (age 40) signed the execution, he has sufficiently expressed; to which he imputes his own unjust suffering - to such exorbitancy were things arrived.

On 02 May 1641 [his son-in-law] William Orange Nassau II Prince Orange (age 14) and [his daughter] Mary Stewart Princess Orange (age 9) were married. She the daughter of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 40) and Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England (age 31).

Jul 1641 Creation of Baronets

On 14 Jul 1641 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 40) created new Baronets:

John Cotton 1st Baronet (age 25) was created 1st Baronet Cotton of Landwade in Cambridgeshire.

Thomas Abdy 1st Baronet (age 29) was created 1st Baronet Abdy of Felix Hall in Kelveden in Essex.

John Bampfylde 1st Baronet (age 31) was created 1st Baronet Bampfylde of Poltimore in Devon.

On 29 or 30 Jul 1641 William Strickland 1st Baronet (age 45) was created 1st Baronet Strickland of Boynton in Yorkshire. Frances Finch Lady Strickland by marriage Lady Strickland of Boynton in Yorkshire.

In Aug 1641 John Mennes Comptroller (age 42) took Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England (age 31) to safety in the Netherlands. He was knighted by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 40) for doing so.

On 06 Sep 1641 William Fermor 1st Baronet (age 20) was created 1st Baronet Fermor of Easton Neston in Northamptonshire by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 40) who also gave him the command of a troop of horse, and afterwards made him a Privy Councillor to [his son] Charles, Prince of Wales (age 11).

1641 Treaty of London

Evelyn's Diary. 23 Nov 1641. I returned to London; and, on the 25th, saw his Majesty (age 41) ride through the City after his coming out of Scotland, and a Peace proclaimed, with great acclamations and joy of the giddy people.

In 1642 Prince Rupert Palatinate Simmern 1st Duke Cumberland (age 22) was appointed 440th Knight of the Garter by his uncle King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 41).

In 1642 [his son] King James II of England Scotland and Ireland (age 8) was appointed 439th Knight of the Garter by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 41).

King Charles I Attacks Parliament

On 04 Jan 1642 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 41) sent soldiers into Parliament to arrest a five MPs: Pym, John Hampden (age 46), Hazlerigg, Holies and Strode (age 44). They had received warning and sought safety. After this Civil War was certain, and men began to choose their side.

In Jun 1642 William Cavendish 3rd Earl Devonshire (age 24) was with King Charles I (age 41) at York [Map].

On 13 Oct 1642 King Charles I (age 41) stayed the night at the house of William Cavendish 3rd Earl Devonshire (age 25) at Latimer House, Chesham.

Battle of Edge Hill

On 14 Oct 1642 Richard Newport 1st Baron Newport (age 55) was created 1st Baron Newport of High Ercall in Shropshire; by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 41) in return for having provided £6000 for the purchase of artillery before the Battle of Edge Hill.

On 23 Oct 1642 the Battle of Edge Hill was fought at Edge Hill [Map]. The Royal army was commanded by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 41) (with his son [his son] King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland (age 12) present), Prince Rupert Palatinate Simmern 1st Duke Cumberland (age 22) and Richard Spencer (age 49) commanded the army that included Maurice Palatinate Simmern (age 21), Richard Byron 2nd Baron Byron (age 36), Lucius Carey 2nd Viscount Falkland (age 32), Charles Cavendish (age 22), Henry Newton aka Puckering 3rd Baronet (age 24), Spencer Compton 2nd Earl of Northampton (age 41), Thomas Salusbury 2nd Baronet (age 30), John Byron 1st Baron Byron (age 43) and William Feilding 1st Earl Denbigh (age 55).

George Stewart 9th Seigneur D'Aubigny (age 24) was killed.

Of the Parliamentary army Basil Feilding 2nd Earl Denbigh (age 34) and Robert Devereux 3rd Earl Essex (age 51). Oliver St John 5th Baron St John (age 39) was wounded.

Samuel Sandys (age 27) commanded a troop of horse.

Richard Sandys (age 26) was killed.

Thomas Strickland (age 20) was knighted on the field for his gallantry.

Henry Hunloke 1st Baronet (age 24) was knighted by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 41).

William Dugdale (age 37) witnessed the battle and subsequently surveyed the battlefield.

John Hinton (age 38) was present.

Edward Verney (age 52) was killed.

John Assheton (age 29) was killed.

Robert Bertie 1st Earl Lindsey (age 59) was killed. His son Montagu Bertie 2nd Earl Lindsey (age 34) succeeded 2nd Earl Lindsey, 15th Baron Willoughby de Eresby. Martha Cockayne Countess Lindsey and Holderness by marriage Countess Lindsey.

William Pennyman 1st Baronet (age 35) commanded a regiment, of which he served as Colonel, which he led for the King.

Edward Stradling 2nd Baronet (age 42) fought for the King, was captured imprisoned for seven months, and died a month after his release.

On 18 Oct 1642 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 41) stayed at Aston Hall, Warwickshire.

On 28 Feb 1643 Henry Hunloke 1st Baronet (age 25) was created 1st Baronet Hunloke of Wingerworth in Derbyshire by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 42).

On 03 Aug 1643 Chichester Wrey 3rd Baronet (age 15) was knighted by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 42) at Bristol Castle, Gloucestershire [Map].

First Battle of Newbury

On 20 Sep 1643 the First Battle of Newbury was fought at Newbury [Map] with King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 42) commanding the Royalist army and Robert Devereux 3rd Earl Essex (age 52) commanding the victorious Parliamentary army. For King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 42) John Byron 1st Baron Byron (age 44) fought with distinction.

Henry Bertie was killed.

Robert Dormer 1st Earl Carnarvon (age 33) was killed. His son Charles Dormer 2nd Earl Carnarvon (age 10) succeeded 2nd Earl Carnarvon, 3rd Baron Dormer of Wyng in Buckinghamshire, 3rd Baronet Dormer of Wyng in Buckinghamshire.

William Villiers 2nd Viscount Grandison (age 29) was killed. His brother John Villiers 3rd Viscount Grandison succeeded 3rd Viscount Grandison.

Edward Villiers (age 23) fought.

Lucius Carey 2nd Viscount Falkland (age 33) was killed. His son Lucius Carey 3rd Viscount Falkland (age 11) succeeded 3rd Viscount Falkland.

Richard Neville (age 28) served under the Earl Carnarvon (age 33). Carnarvon was killed and Neville took up the command as a Colonel of Horse.

Major General Charles Fleetwood (age 25) was wounded.

On 04 Oct 1643 Edward Ford (age 38) was knighted by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 42) at Oxford, Oxfordshire [Map].

In 1644 Prince Rupert Palatinate Simmern 1st Duke Cumberland (age 24) was created 1st Duke Cumberland, 1st Earl Holderness by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 43).

On 23 May 1644 Alice Leigh 1st Duchess Dudley (age 66) was created 1st Duke Dudley by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 43) for life. Her husband Robert Dudley (age 69) had claimed to be the legitimate son of Robert Dudley 1st Earl of Leicester but the Star Chamber found against him. King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 43) disagreed with their verdict and, in compensation of her subsequent treatment, awarded her the Dukedom ...

And whereas, our father not knowing the truth of the lawful birth of the said Sir Robert (as we piously believe) granted away the titles of the said earldom to others ... and holding ourselves in honour and conscience obliged to make reparation; and also the said great estate which the Lady Alice had in Kenilworth, and sold at our desire to us at a very great undericon... we do... give and grant unto the said Lady Alice Dudley the title of Duchess of Dudley for life.

On 16 Jun 1644 [his daughter] Princess Henrietta Stewart Duchess Orléans was born to King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 43) and Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England (age 34) at Bedford House Exeter, Devon. John Hinton (age 40) was in attendance.

In 1645 Bernard de Nogaret de La Valette d'Epernon (age 53) was appointed 442nd Knight of the Garter by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 44).

In 1645 [his son-in-law] William Orange Nassau II Prince Orange (age 18) was appointed 441st Knight of the Garter by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 44)..

King Charles I Rewards his Supporters

On 03 Jan 1645 King Charles I (age 44) rewarded his supporters with Baronies ...

John Brooke 1st Baron Cobham (age 69) was created 1st Baron Cobham. Frances Bampfield Baroness Cobham by marriage Baroness Cobham.

John Lucas 1st Baron Lucas Shenfield (age 38) was created 1st Baron Lucas of Shenfield with special remainder to the male issue of his brother Thomas Lucas (age 66).

On 27 Jan 1645 John Belasyse 1st Baron Belasyse (age 30) was created 1st Baron Belasyse of Worlaby in Lincolnshire by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 44). Anne Paulett Baroness Belasyse by marriage Baroness Belasyse of Worlaby in Lincolnshire.

Diary of Isabella Twysden 1645. 27 Jan 1645. NOTE. Mr. John. White was chairman of the Committee of the House of Commons to remove scandalous ministers, which was appointed in 1640. A charge of popery or of loyalty to the King (age 44) was sufficient to secure ejection.

On 12 Apr 1645 Colonel William Legge was appointed Groom of the Bedchamber to King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 44).

On 08 Jul 1645 Francis Hawley 1st Baron Hawley (age 37) was created 1st Baron Hawley of Donsmore by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 44).

Archaeologia Cambrensis 1820 Page 464. Sept. 21. "The King (age 44) passed through Mountgomeryshyre, and lay that night at Llan Fyllin. The next day, the 22d Sept., the King (age 44) marched from Llan Fyllin by Brithdir, where he dined? and gave proclamation among his souldiers, that they should not plunder any thing in Denbyshire, and thence through Mochnant to Cevn hir Fynydd, and so along the tops of the mountains to Chirk Castle [Map]. The rest of the forces marched to Llan-Silin. The next day after, being Tuesday, the King advanced towards Chester.

Battle of Rowton Heath aka Moor

On 24 Sep 1645 the Battle of Rowton Heath aka Moor was a significant defeat for the Royalists, commanded in person by King Charles (age 44) with heavy losses and prevented Charles from relieving the siege of Chester.

In May 1646 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 45) surrendered.

After Jan 1647 John Coke (age 40) was one of the nine commissioners appointed to take charge of King Charles I (age 46) at Holdenby House, Northamptonshire [Map].

Evelyn's Diary. 05 Oct 1647. I came to Wotton, Surrey [Map], the place of my birth, to my brother (age 30), and on the 10th to Hampton Court [Map] where I had the honor to kiss his Majesty's (age 46) hand, and give him an account of several things I had in charge, he being now in the power of those execrable villains who not long after murdered him. I lay at my cousin, Sergeant Hatton's at Thames Ditton, Surrey [Map], whence, on the 13th, I went to London.

Charles I's Flight from Hampton Court Palace

On 10 Nov 1647 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 46) escaped from Hampton Court Palace, Richmond [Map] with John Berkeley 1st Baron Berkeley (age 45).

On 19 May 1648 Colonel William Legge was imprisoned at Arundel Castle [Map] for having supported King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 47) in his escape from Hampton Court Palace, Richmond [Map].

Treaty of Newport

Between 15 Sep 1648 and 27 Nov 1648 the Treaty of Newport attempted to reconcile King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 47) (who was imprisoned at nearby Carisbrooke Castle [Map]) with Parliament. Denzil Holles 1st Baron Holles (age 48) and Henry Vane "The Younger" (age 35) represented Parliament. James Butler 1st Duke Ormonde (age 37) represented King Charles. The Treaty eventually came to nothing.

Parliament was also represented by John Crew 1st Baron Crew (age 50), John Glynne (age 46), Nathaniel Fiennes (age 40), William Pierrepont of Thoresby (age 40), Algernon Percy 10th Earl of Northumberland (age 45), William Fiennes 1st Viscount Saye and Sele (age 66), Philip Herbert 4th Earl Pembroke 1st Earl Montgomery (age 63), William Cecil 2nd Earl Salisbury (age 57), James Cranfield 2nd Earl Middlesex (age 27) and Thomas Wenman 2nd Viscount Wenman (age 52).

Trial of Charles I

In 1649 William Heveningham (age 45) refused to sign the death warrant of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 48).

On 23 Jan 1649 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 48) was tried at Westminster Hall [Map] by Henry Mildmay (age 56). The fifty-nine signatories of his Death Warrant were:

1 Judge John Bradshaw

2 Thomas Grey

3 Oliver Cromwell

4 Edward Whalley

7 John Danvers

9 Henry Ireton

11 Hardress Waller

14 Major-General William Goffe

17 General Thomas Harrison

21 Admiral Richard Deane

27 Adrian Scrope

34 Richard Ingoldsby

42 John Jones

45 Major General Charles Fleetwood

54 Gregory Clement

55 John Downes

57 Thomas Scot

58 John Carew

The commissioners who sat at the trial but did not sign the Death Warrant included:

William Monson 1st Viscount Monson (age 50)

James Harington 3rd Baronet (age 41)

The Captain of the Guard was Daniel Axtell (age 27). The guards included Francis Hacker, Matthew Tomlinson (age 31).

The Solicitor-General was John Cook (age 41).

Rump Parliament

On 04 Jan 1649 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 48) was committed for trial by the Rump Parliament.

Pride's Purge

On 06 Jan 1649 Thomas Pride, on behalf of Thomas Fairfax 3rd Lord Fairfax (age 36) and Henry Ireton (age 38), supported by two regiments, and Nathaniel Rich's (age 24) Regiment of Horse, with Thomas Grey (age 26), prevented MPs opposed to the trial of King Charles I (age 48) from entering Parliament including ...

James Herbert (age 26).

Robert Pye (age 29).

Ambrose Browne 1st Baronet.

Denzil Holles 1st Baron Holles (age 49).

John Spelman (age 42).

Execution of Charles I

On 29 Jan 1649. In Echard's England (vol. ii, p. 639, edit. 1718) it is stated that early in the rebellion King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 48) confided to Elizabeth Cole Lady Wheler, his former laundres, a casket, which she restored to him the night before his execution.

On 30 Jan 1649 Charles I (age 48) was beheaded with one clean stroke outside the Banqueting House, Whitehall Palace [Map]. He put his head on the block and, after saying a prayer, he signalled the executioner when he was ready by stretching out his hands.

On 09 Feb 1649 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (deceased) was buried in the Henry VIII Vault, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle [Map] without ceremony.

Memoirs of Jean Francois Paul de Gondi Cardinal de Retz Book 1. The 24th of February, 1649, the Parliament's deputies waited on the Queen (age 10) with an account of the audience granted to the envoy of the Archduke. The Queen (age 10) told them that they should not have given audience to the envoy, but that, seeing they had done it, it was absolutely necessary to think of a good peace, that she was entirely well disposed; and the Duc d'Orléans and the Prince de Conde promised the deputies to throw open all the passages as soon as the Parliament should name commissioners for the treaty.

Flamarin being sent at the same time into the city from the Duc d'Orléans to condole with the Queen of England (age 39) on the death of her husband (deceased) (King Charles I.), went, at La Riviere's solicitation, to M. de La Rochefoucault, whom he found in his bed on account of his wounds and quite wearied with the civil war, and persuaded him to come over to the Court interest. He told Flamarin that he had been drawn into this war much against his inclinations, and that, had he returned from Poitou two months before the siege of Paris, he would have prevented Madame de Longueville engaging in so vile a cause, but that I had taken the opportunity of his absence to engage both her and the Prince de Conti, that he found the engagements too far advanced to be possibly dissolved, that the diabolical Coadjutor would not bear of any terms of peace, and also stopped the ears of the Prince de Conti and Madame de Longueville, and that he himself could not act as he would because of his bad state of health. I was informed of Flamarin's negotiations for the Court interest, and, as the term of his passport had expired, ordered the 'prevot des marchands' to command him to depart from the city.

On 13 May 1659 [his son] Henry Stewart 1st Duke Gloucester (age 18) was created 1st Duke Gloucester, 1st Earl Cambridge by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland.

On 09 Jul 1659 Colonel Roger Whitley of Peel in Cheshire (age 41) was granted arms by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland.

In 1660 Thomas Howard 5th Duke of Norfolk (age 32) was restored 5th Duke Norfolk by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland in response to a petition by Parliament it having previously been forfeited in 1572 by his great-great-grandfather Thomas Howard 4th Duke of Norfolk who had been executed for his involvement in the Ridolphi Plot.

1661 Creation of Baronets and Peerages by Charles II Post Coronation

In Jul 1661 [his son] King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland (age 31) created new Baronetcies and Peerages ...

10 Jul 1661 Christopher Guise 1st Baronet (age 44) was created 1st Baronet Guise of Elmore in Gloucestershire.

16 Jul 1661 Philip Parker 1st Baronet (age 43) was created 1st Baronet Parker of Arwarton in Suffolk. Rebecca Long Lady Parker by marriage Lady Parker of Arwarton in Suffolk.

21 Jul 1661 Charles Hussey 1st Baronet (age 35) was created 1st Baronet Hussey of Caythorpe in Lincolnshire.

21 Jul 1661 Edward Barkham 1st Baronet (age 31) was created 1st Baronet Barkham Waynflete.

25 Jul 1661 John Banks 1st Baronet (age 34) was created 1st Baronet Banks of London by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland.

In 1666 Charles Stewart 1st Duke Kendal was created 1st Duke Kendal by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland. No patent was ever enrolled

Sinking of the Gloucester

On 03 May 1682 the [his son] Duke of York (age 48) and his retinue including John Churchill 1st Duke Marlborough (age 31) and George Legge 1st Baron Dartmouth (age 35) were seen off on their journey north by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland from Margate Roads, Kent [Map]. James (age 48) was possibly travelling to Edinburgh to collect his six months pregnant wife Mary of Modena (age 23) to ensure their child was born in England.

Vesta Monumenta. 1739. Plate 1.55. Eight numismatic objects associated with the Stuarts: a gold coin of Mary, Queen of Scots 1555; a silver medal commemorating Mary's marriage to Lord Darnely, featuring Darnley's name before Mary's from 1565; a silver coronation medal around 1604 for Queen Anne; a silver medal for [his brother] Prince Henry from 1612; two milled gold proof pieces minted for Charles I, around 1630 and 1631-32, and two gold medals based on the same (1639 and unknown). Engraving by George Vertue (age 55) after his own drawings in at least four states between 1723 and 1739.

Around 1763. Canaletto (age 65). Northumberland House looking towards Strand [Map]. Note the Percy Lion; crest of the Duke Northumberland. And the statue of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland which remains in situ on the corner of what is now the south-east corner of Trafalgar Square.

Adeline Horsey Recollections. Sir Thomas, who was a hospitable and generous man, died in 1549, and Deene [Map] passed to his son Edmund, who married Agnes Bussey, a member of the great Lincolnshire family. Sir Edmund Brudenell carried out extensive building operations at Deene, and the numerous initials of E. and A. and the many shields with the Brudenell and Bussey arms show that he considered his alliance with their family an important one. Camden mentions that Sir Edmund had literary and antiquarian tastes, which were also possessed by his nephew Thomas, who succeeded to the estates in 1606. He also built largely, but the great Tower was not finished until about 1628. Sir Thomas was a staunch cavalier, who raised soldiers for the King's garrisons, and he was made a Baron by Charles I. After the Royal cause was lost he suffered the penalty of his loyalty and was imprisoned in the Tower [Map] for twenty years. The brave old cavalier kept a most interesting diary during his imprisonment, which is still preserved in the library at Deene; it consists of about 30 or 40 volumes of MS., which give interesting details of his confinement and the principal events of the time.

Diary of Isabella Twysden: Introduction. When the Diary begins in January 1645, the Civil War was at its height; in June of that year the battle of Naseby was fought. This battle destroyed the King's army in the field, and within another twelve months the garrisons in castle and town were subdued. The city of Oxford capitulated on June 24th, 1646; The Diary is that of a lady living in troubled times, her husband imprisoned, the estate despoiled; leading men in the State brought to execution. The first entry is that Sir John Hotham and his son were executed on Tower Hill. Sir John Hotham was a cousin of Sir Hugh Cholmley the husband of Sir Roger's sister. A later entry is "cap: Brown Bushill was beheaded on Tower Hill by the parle for adhering to the King". Brown Bushill was a sea captain, his mother being Dorothy Cholmley. Even after the Restoration under Charles II there was a family tragedy, Sir Thomas Twisden, Sir Roger's brother, was one of the judges who sentenced Sir Harry Vane to death, his own cousin and near neighbour. They were anxious times of house searchings and imprisonments, and none knew what might come next. On the tombstone of Sir Hugh Cholmley's wife, Elizabeth Twysden Lady Cholmley, are the words "she was very beautifull, of great injenuity a discerning judge in great dangers had a courage above her sex of a most noble nature compassionate to all in distresse". Sir Hugh Cholmley mentioned frequently in the Diary is called "my bro. cho"..

Grammont. The necessity of affairs had exposed [his son] Charles II from his earliest youth to the toils and perils of a bloody war. The fate of the king his father had left him for inheritance nothing but his misfortunes and disgraces. They overtook him everywhere; but it was not until he had struggled with his ill-fortune to the last extremity that he submitted to the decrees of Providence.

All those who were either great on account of their birth or their loyalty had followed him into exile; and all the young persons of the greatest distinction having afterwards joined him, composed a court worthy of a better fate.

Plenty and prosperity, which are thought to tend only to corrupt manners, found nothing to spoil in an indigent and wandering court. Necessity, on the contrary, which produces a thousand advantages whether we will or no, served them for education; and nothing was to be seen among them but an emulation in glory, politeness, and virtue.

With this little court, in such high esteem for merit, the King of England returned two years prior to the period we mention, to ascend a throne which, to all appearances, he was to fill as worthily as the most glorious of his predecessors. The magnificence displayed on thus occasion was renewed at his coronation.

The death of the [his son] Duke of Gloucester, and of the [his daughter] Princess Royal, which followed soon after, had interrupted the course of this splendour by a tedious mourning, which they quitted at last to prepare for the reception of the Infanta of Portugal.

Henry Murray of Berkhampstead was appointed Groom of the Bedchamber to King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland.

King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland 1600-1649 appears on the following Descendants Family Trees:

King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland 1566-1625

King Henry VII of England and Ireland 1457-1509

Margaret Tudor Queen Scotland 1489-1541

Royal Ancestors of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland 1600-1649

Kings Wessex: Great x 16 Grand Son of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England

Kings Gwynedd: Great x 13 Grand Son of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd

Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 19 Grand Son of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth

Kings Powys: Great x 14 Grand Son of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys

Kings England: Son of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland

Kings Scotland: Great x 9 Grand Son of Robert "The Bruce" I King Scotland

Kings Franks: Great x 13 Grand Son of Louis VII King Franks

Kings France: Great x 6 Grand Son of Charles "Beloved Mad" VI King France

Royal Descendants of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland 1600-1649

King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland x 1

King James II of England Scotland and Ireland x 1

King William III of England, Scotland and Ireland x 1

Marie Louise Bourbon Queen Consort Spain x 1

Anne Marie Bourbon Queen Consort Sardinia x 1

Ancestors of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland 1600-1649

Great x 1 Grandfather: Matthew Stewart 4th Earl Lennox 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

GrandFather: Henry "Lord Darnley" Stewart Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 1 Grandmother: Margaret Douglas Countess Lennox Grand Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Father: King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland 2 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 1 Grandfather: King James V of Scotland Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

GrandMother: Mary Queen of Scots Great Grand Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 1 Grandmother: Mary of Guise Queen Consort Scotland 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland Son of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland

Great x 1 Grandfather: Christian III King Denmark 10 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England

GrandFather: Frederick II King Denmark 11 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England

Great x 1 Grandmother: Dorothea of Saxe Lauenburg Queen Consort Denmark and Norway

Mother: Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland 12 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England

Great x 1 Grandfather: Ulrich Mecklenburg-Schwerin 11 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England

GrandMother: Sophie Mecklenburg-Schwerin Queen Consort Denmark 12 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England