Victorian Books, Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, CWAAS Transactions
CWAAS Transactions is in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society.
Victorian Books, Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, CWAAS Transactions 1880
Victorian Books, Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, CWAAS Transactions 1880 Article XL
ARTICLE XL.—Gunnerkeld Stone Circle [Map].1 By C. W. DYMOND, M. Inst. C.E., F.S.A.
This remarkable, though little known, megalithic monument is situated at Gunnerkeld2, a mile and a half north of Shap, in Westmorland, and four or five hundred yards off the Appleby road, where it crosses a hollow three quarters of a mile east of the point at which that road leaves the one from Shap to Penrith. The site is in the midst of a valley dipping towards the north-north-west, on a low, grassy tongue formed by a gentle depression on one side, and a little wady3 on the other. It is on the border of a region fertile in prehistoric antiquities beyond most others in Britain. A mile to the south of Shap, the remains of a fine megalithic circle may be seen close to the fence of the railway which has swept away the larger part. Proceeding northward, close to the village, are the relics of what must once have been a grand parallellithon, second only, among our insular antiquities, to those at Avebury, and trending towards two massive boulders, a furlong apart,—the farthest called Thunder Stone,—which lie on rising ground about a mile to the north-west. In another direction, a mile to the east of Shap church, poised on a brow of rock, is a third boulder which, though it may have been placed there by human hands, is much more likely to be a bloc perché, for reasons to be presently given. The chain of heights bounding the Shap valley on the east, crowned by tumuli alternating with stone circles and a British camp, looks clown into a group of inclosures, regarded as the remains of aboriginal settlements, which are scattered over the lower slopes on the other side.
Note 1. This article is reproduced by the kind permission of the author, and of the Council of the British Archæological Association, from the Journal of the Association, volume XXXV., p. 368.
Note 2. In local parlance this word simply means "Sportsman's Spring." It should properly be Gunner's Keld, but the possessive s is usually dropped by the people of the north-west country.
Note 3. There is no English equivalent.
The plan, of which the accompanying illustrative Plate is a reduced facsimile, has been laid down with the utmost care from elaborate measurements. The local deviation of the compass was deduced from repeated special observations made in the district,—the needle being found to be influenced by circumstances which made this precaution necessary.
So far as my researches have extended, no plan of this megalithic group1 has hitherto been published; nor, save in a local guide-book, have I ever seen it even mentioned. It belongs to a class of which there are but few examples in Britain, - a class characterized by concentric monolithic rings. Yet it is not quite unique even in its own district; for, while exploring the fells at the distance of three miles and a half, I found another executed on a similar plan, of which the principal points are noted at the bottom of the page.
Note 1. It is situated on a high moor, a quarter of a mile south of Oddendale [Map] which is two miles south-east of Shap; and consists of two concentric rings—apparently complete—of rather small, low stones—some laid flat, and others set edgewise—the outer one 56 feet in diameter, with twenty-seven stones, but nothing like a gateway; the inner, 23 feet in diameter, with twenty-three stones. A few small stones are scattered in the annular belt which averages a width of 31 feet; and many dot the smaller inclosure which, like that at Gunnerkeld, was doubtless devoted to sepulture, as it also bears evidences of disturbed central interment.
The outer ring of the Gunnerkeld circle (if it may so be called) is 106 feet in diameter from north to south, and 97 feet from east to west. It consists at present of eighteen large stones, all prostrate1, except two at the north point which form a fine pylon. The seats of two more which have been removed are distinctly visible on the north-west side; and large gaps indicate that several others also (perhaps as many as eight or ten) have probably disappeared. In front of No. 9 there is a group of weather worn stones lying loose on the ground in a manner that gives no clue to their original arrangement. The inner ring-52 feet in diameter from north to south, 48 feet from east to west, and nearly concentric with the outer one—has (exclusive of 5 or 6 fragments) thirty stones, generally of smaller size than those composing the outer ring. All of them are prostrate, and the number nearly complete; for there is only room for three, or, perhaps, four more, in the small gaps that interrupt the continuity of the ring. Within its northern arc, eight stones—most of them lying loosely on the surface, and all, save one, small and prostrate—are segmentally ranged. Their intent can only be conjectured, as there is no disturbance of the ground in the area which they inclose, to indicate that it may have been devoted to separate sepulture. A few other fragments are dispersed over the floor of the inner circle, in the centre of which is a pit, evidently made by the rifling of one or more graves. A stone, No. 12, small, flat, and thick, its top level with the surface of the ground, remains rooted in situ at the southern edge of the pit. It was, doubtless, one of the side or end-stones of a destroyed cist. The question arises, with respect to the prostrate stones. Were they originally erect, and have they been overthrown? I have no hesitation in expressing my belief that they were never set up on end; and, if so, these rings are of a type differing, perhaps of set purpose, from the true peristalith.
Note 1. One stone, No. 7 in the plan, is therein marked as doubtful; but, although in the view it has the appearance of being erect, its height and breadth are nearly equal, while its horizontal length is much greater than either. It should, therefore, properly be classed among the prostrate stones.
No. 7, the giant of the group, and a few smaller stones, are red granite. The remainder appear, for the most part, to be composed of igneous or metamorphic rock of various structure. The rock of the site is a thin-bedded carboniferous limestone; but, to one who has taken note of the immediate surroundings, and has walked over the limestone heights toward the south, the source from whence these large blocks were obtained is evident. Every wall in the neighbourhood is mainly built of similar stone; and boulders of red granite are sprinkled by thousands on the uplands to the east of Shap, several miles away from the mountain beds from which they were torn, and within comparatively easy reach of Gunnerkeld. This extensive local occurrence of erratic blocks deepens into conviction a conjecture which I entertained when surveying Long Meg and her daughters [Map]1, that the stones there seen were not transported by human agency, but were found on the spot. The closest scrutiny has not revealed the existence of artificial marks on any of the stones at Gunnerkeld.
Note 1.
Special marks on any of the stones at Gunnerkeld. Much of the ground inclosed by the concentric rings has been somewhat disturbed. The floor of the inner area is slightly higher than that of the surrounding annular space; and there can be no doubt that it was a stone-cinctured sepulchral barrow. The purpose of the outer ring, emphasized as it is by the pylon, it is not so evident. It suggests processional observances. At the same time, we find the Oddendale [Map] circle wanting in that prominent feature which is the main support of such an idea. The position of the gateway, and of the segmental chamber may be compared with those in the Keswick circle.1
Note 1. Ibid, pp. 33-35 These descriptions and plans, will, by kind permission of Mr. Dymond and of the Council of the British Archæological Association, be reproduced in the next issue of these Transactions.
Victorian Books, Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, CWAAS Transactions 1883 Volume 6
Victorian Books, Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, CWAAS Transactions 1883 Volume 6 Article 18 Gameslands
ARTICLE. XVIII. — Stone Circle at Gamelands [Map], Bland House Brow, Township of Raisbeck, Parish of Orton, Westmorland. By R. S. FERGUSON, F.S.A. Read at Penrith, January 20th, 1881.
During the summer of 1880, one of our members, (Miss Bland, author of "A Link between two Westmorlands1,") requested me, at her expense, to have surveyed for the purposes of this Society the important stone circle, whose site is defined (rather in pedantic manner, some may think) at the head of this paper. I secured the services of Mr. J. Robinson and Mr. J. B. Harvey, and armed with a photograph, and guided by Colonel Burn of Orton Hall, we reached the proper place, where a labourer was in waiting; Canon Weston also joined us.
Note 1. Transactions, vol. 5, between pp. 24 and 25.
Careful measurements were taken of the circle, and an accurate plan was made by Mr. J. B. Harvey, which appeared with Miss Bland's paper, and is reproduced here. There is no appearance of any tumulus within the circle; indeed the ground is rather hollow than otherwise. Had the tumulus been a cairn of stones, the many stone walls in the vicinity would readily account for its disappearance. Enquiry further shows that the field, in which the circle is, had been ploughed about eighteen years ago, the riggs running right through the circle. On that occasion two or three of the stones forming the circle were buried by being rolled into holes dug under them; one or two others were blasted, and the fragments are now lying about. The stones forming the circle have been forty in number, as shown on the plan; the highest stands about 2 feet 8 inches above the ground, and the circumferences at the ground surface varies from 6 feet to 12 feet. None appear deeper seated in the ground than 18in. Several appear to have fallen over flat, towards the interior of the circle. With one exception the stones are all of a red coarse-grained granite; the exception is a rough limestone much weathered into holes. The spade, ably wielded by Mr. Robinson, showed any tumulus to have been cleared away down to the natural level of the soil on which it had stood, and that no interments had been made below that level. Two bits of worked flint were found, also a freestone slab, which possibly once formed part of a cist. This was lying next stone 29 (see plan), and my idea is that it was moved there from the centre of the circle when the place was ploughed. The size of this circle (its diameter is 138 feet), makes it one of the most important in England. It is distant a mile only from Orton Hall, the residence of Dr. Burn, and yet he passes it over sub silentio in the History of Westmorland and Cumberland, which he and Mr. Joseph Nicolson published in 1777. Not that he ignored it of set purpose; he cannot have known it, for in his account of the parish of Orton he describes a tumulus or British sepulchre thus:
"Nigh Raisgill Hall, there is a tumulus or British sepulchre, in a regular circle near 100 yards in circumference (sic), rising gradually from the extremity to about the height of three yards in the middle. It is composed of loose stones thrown together promiscuously, and in digging lately was found one very large stone supported by one other large stone on each side, and underneath the same was an human skeleton, with the bones of several others round about."
Whelan (Hist. of West., p. 672), applies this account to the circle of which I have been writing, and so did I at first, misled by him, and by some confusion over the name Raisbeck, which applies to a hamlet, and a township, as well as to a stream of water. Burn's description applies (see Hodgson's Westmorland, p. 143, and the Ordnance Map) to a place on a hill near Raisgill Hall, near the junction of the Raisbeck with the Lune. It is marked "British Sepulchre" on the one inch Ordnance Map. I have not yet been able to see it, but Colonel Burn informs me that it is about eighty feet in diameter. No stones are now visible, but some seem buried under mounds of turf. A portion of the cist, mentioned by Dr. Burn, is said to be doing duty as a chimney lintel in a neighbouring house.
The Gamelands circle is not on the one inch Ordnance Map.
The name "Gamelands" is noteworthy, if only that Whelan (Hist. West., p. 762) makes it into "Grantlands." One theory is that it is "Gamelslands," and records Gamel-de-Penington, the first known Lord of the Manor of Orton, who gave Orton Church to the priory of Conishead in the reign of Henry II. Dr. Simpson has a different theory, for which see ante p. 177.
Victorian Books, Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, CWAAS Transactions 1883 Volume 6 Article 42
02 Aug 1882. ART. XLII.—On some Earthworks [King Arthur's Round Table, Little Round Table and Mayburgh Henge [Map]] near Eamont Bridge. By WM. Atkinson. Read at that place August 2nd, 1882.
I.—MARKED (A) ON THE MAP.
About 150 yards south of what is known as Arthur's Round Table, on the same flat alluvial tract as that structure, and almost exactly opposite the bridge of the Penrith and Kendal road over the Lowther, there existed, before the construction of the new private road to Lowther Castle, a low circular ridge of considerable diameter, about half of which was contained in the field adjoining the road and river, and the rest in the two fields to the north of this. The ridge was, through most of its extent, not more than 6 to 9 inches above the level of the surrounding ground, and from 3 to 5 feet broad at the base. It would have a diameter of from 6o to 8o yards as nearly as I can now estimate, and this considerable area, slight elevation, and extension over three fields, probably account for its being previously overlooked. When it first drew my atten tion some 8 or 10 years ago the circle was incomplete on the side towards the river, and had doubtless been removed here in the erection of the wall enclosing the road, or obliterated by traffic when the road was less circumscribed, or it might have been destroyed by tillage, which had no doubt considerably reduced the parts still visible at the time I have mentioned. The ridge was composed mainly of gravel, with a little soil intermixed, and seemed to be scarcely at all different from the subjacent soil, in fact no line of demarcation between the two was evident. I had an opportunity of noting this during the formation of the new private road, above referred to, 4 or 5 years ago, when part of the ridge had been newly removed. There was apparently nothing in the way of earthwork or artificial structure in the ground enclosed by this ridge; in fact from its appearance one would have judged that an annular mound had simply been thrown up from the surrounding gravelly soil, and that the rest of the land on which it lay had been left undisturbed — the whole thus forming an inconspicuous and almost insignificant feature. It must, however, be borne in mind that any structures interfering with cultivation would, if their removal were possible, soon disappear under the hand of the northern farmer. The portion of the circle left after the construction of the new road, was partly covered over in forming a new shrub bery, and the rest, in the fields to the north, removed or levelled down about the same time, so that when I visited the place last summer no certain vestige of it remained. If, as has been often suggested, Arthur's Round Table was used for personal contests of some kind, perhaps both on horseback and on foot, the likelihood of the circle I have just described being put to a similar purpose, but on a larger scale, seems very strong. At all events, from their similarity of character and their proximity, it is tolerably certain that this circle was intimately connected with the Round Table and Maybrough in origin and purpose.
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