Gesta Regis Henrici 1189

Meanwhile, Richard, Duke of Normandy, gave to his brother John the daughter of the Earl of Gloucester along with the County of Gloucester, and the castle of Marlborough [Map] along with that honour; and the castle of Ludgershall [Map] along with that honour; and the castle of Peak [Map] along with that honour; and the castle of Bolsover [Map]; and all the land that belonged to William Peverel; and the town of Nottingham along with that honour, and the castle of Lancaster [Map] along with that honour, and Derbyshire, and the honour of Wallingford, and the honour of Tickhill [Map], and many other things which are too long to enumerate individually. He gave him all these things with the forests, towns, and all their other appurtenances.

Interim Ricardus dux Normanniæ dedit Johanni fratri suo filiam comitis Gloucestriæ cum comitatu Gloucestriæ, et castellum de Merleberg cum honore illo; et castellum de Lutegareshale cum honore illo; et castellum de Pech cum honore illo; et castellum de Boleshoveres; et totam terram que fuit Willelmi Peverel¹; et villam de Notingham cum honore illo, et castellum de Lounecastre cum honore illo, et Derebisiram, et honorem de Walinford, et honorem de Tikehil, et multa alia quae longum est enumerare per singula. Hæc omnia dedit ei cum forestis, villis et aliis omnibus pertinentiis suis.

Note 1. Forfeited in 1155 for the poisoning of the earl of Chester - see Ranulf Gernon, 4th Earl Chester.

20 Aug 1189. Meanwhile, Geoffrey, Bishop of Ely, died at Winchester on the 13th day before the Kalends of September and was buried at Ely [Map]."

Interim Gaufridus¹ Eliensis episcopus obiit Wintonize, xiii^o, kalendas Septembris, et sepultus est apud Hely.

Note 1. Gaufridus Riddell, bishp 1174-1189.

29 Aug 1189. With these things accomplished, John (age 22), the brother of the Duke (age 31), married the aforementioned daughter [Isabella of Gloucester (age 16)] of the Earl of Gloucester, against the prohibition of Baldwin (age 64), Archbishop of Canterbury, because they were related in the third degree. He thus married her at Marlborough on the fourth day before the Kalends of September, on the feast of the Beheading of Saint John the Baptist.

His ita peractis, Johannes frater ducis desponsavit preedictam filiam comitis Gloucestriæ contra prohibitionem Baldewini Cantuariensis archiepiscopi, eo quod parentes erant in tertio gradu. Desponsavit itaque illam apud Merlebergam, quarto kalendas Septembris, festo Decollationis Sancti Johannis Baptistæ.

03 Sep 1189. Then Richard (age 31), Duke of Normandy, came to London, and having gathered there the archbishops and bishops, earls and barons, and a large multitude of knights, on the third day before the Nones of September, on a Sunday, the moon being in its nineteenth phase, on the feast of the ordination of Pope Saint Gregory, an ill-omened day, the aforementioned Richard, Duke of Normandy, was consecrated and crowned as King of England at Westminster in London by Baldwin (age 64), Archbishop of Canterbury. Assisting him in this office were Walter, Archbishop of Rouen, John, Archbishop of Dublin, Formale, Archbishop of Trier, Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln, Hugh (age 64), Bishop of Durham, William, Bishop of Worcester, John, Bishop of Exeter, Reginald, Bishop of Bath, John, Bishop of Norwich, Seffrid, Bishop of Chichester, Gilbert, Bishop of Rochester, Peter, Bishop of St. David's in Wales, the Bishop of St. Asaph in Wales, the Bishop of Bangor in Wales, Albinus, Bishop of Ferns in Ireland, and Concors, Bishop of Kildare in Ireland.

Deinde Ricardus dux Normanniæ venit Lundonias, et congregatis ibi archiepiscopis et episcopis, comitibus et baronibus et copiosa militum multitudine, tertio nonas Septembris, die Dominica, luna xix., festo ordinationis Sancti Gregorii papa, die mala, prædictus Ricardus dux Normanniæ consecratus et coronatus est in regem Angliæ, apud Lundonias in Westmonasterio, a Baldewino Cantuariensi archiepiscopo, ministrantibus illi in illo officio Waltero Rothomagensi archiepiscopo, Johanne Dublinensi archiepiscopo, Formale¹ Treverensi archiepiscopo, Hugone Lincolniensi episcopo, Hugone Dunelmensi episcopo, Willelmo Wigornensi episcopo, Johanne Exoniensi episcopo, Reginaldo Bathoniensi episcopo, Johanne Norwicensi episcopo, Sefrido Cices- trensi episcopo, Gilleberto Rofensi episcopo, Petro episcopo de Sancto David in Wallia, episcopo² de Asfath in Wallia, episcopo³ de Pangor in Wallia.—Albinus episcopus Fernensis⁴ in Hibernia, Concors episcopus Heghdunensis⁵ in Hibernia;

Note 1. Fulmar, Formalis, or Formator, archdeacon of Treves, was elected archbishop by intrigue in 1183, and consecrated by pope Urban III. on Whit Sunday 1186. He never gained full possession of his see, and was, with his competitor Rodolf, deprived by Clement III. in 1189. He then came to England, where he died.

Note 2. [episcopo] Reiner, 1186-1224.

Note 3. [episcopo] Guy, 1177-1190.

Note 4. [Fernensis] Albinus, 1185-1122.

Note 5. [Heghdunensis] Concord, bishop of Euaghduu.

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Geoffrey, Archbishop-elect of York, John, Bishop-elect of Whithorn in Galloway, the Abbot of Westminster, the Abbot of St. Albans, the Abbot of St. Augustine's in Canterbury, the Abbot of Hyde in Winchester, Benedict, Abbot of Peterborough, the Abbot of St. Edmund's, the Abbot of Crowland, the Abbot of Battle, the Abbot of St. Mary's in York, Arnold, Abbot of Rievaulx, the Abbot of Holm Cultram, the Abbot of Mortemer, and the Abbot of St. Denis, who had come on behalf of the King of France, were present.

Gaufridus Eboracensis electus, Johannes electus Candidæ Casæ in Galweia, abbas de Westmonasterio¹, abbas de Sancto Albano², abbas de Sancto Augustino Cantuariæ³, abbas de Hyda Wintoniæ⁴, Benedictus abbas de Burgo⁵, abbas de Sancto Eadmundo⁶, abbas de Croilandia⁷, abbas de Bello⁸, abbas Sanctæ Mariæ Eboraci⁹, Arnaldus abbas Rievallis, abbas de Holm Cultram¹⁰, abbas de Mortemer¹¹, et abbas de Sancto Dionysio¹², qui venerant ex parte regis Franciæ.

Note 1. Walter, 1176-1190.

Note 2. Warin, 1188-1195.

Note 3. Roger, abbot 1178-1212.

Note 4. John Suthill, abbot 1181-1222.

Note 5. Benedict, abbot 1181-1193.

Note 6. Sampson de Totington, 11821211.

Note 7. Robert of Reading, abbot of Croyland, 1175-1190.

Note 8. Odo, abbot of Battle 1175-1200.

Note 9. Robert Harpham, 1184-1189, was dead. The abbey was represented by William the prior.

Note 10. Everard, 1175-1192.

Note 11. Mortemer-en-Lions. William Tholomeus, 1179-1200.

Note 12. Hugh Foucaut, 1186-1197.

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Also present were William, Earl of Aumale and Essex, Hamelin (age 59), brother of King Henry, Earl of Warenne, John (age 22), brother of King Richard, Earl of Mortain and Gloucester, Robert, Earl of Leicester, Richard (age 35), Earl of Clare, Waleran (age 35), Earl of Warwick, William de Aubigny (age 50), Earl of Sussex, Aubrey (age 73), Earl of Oxford, William (age 38), Earl of Salisbury, William Marshal (age 42), Earl of Striguil, and David (age 36), brother of the King of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon.

Willelmus comes Albemarliæ et Essesse, Hamellinus frater regis Henrici comes Warennæ, Johannes frater regis Ricardi, comes Meretonæ et Gloucestriæ, Robertus comes Leicestriæ, Ricardus comes de Clara, Wallerannus comes de Warwic, Willelmus de Aubeni comes de Suthsex, Albricus comes¹, Willelmus² comes de Salesbiria, Willelmus Marescallus comes de Strignil, David frater regis Scotiæ comes de Huntendona.

Note 1. De Vere, earl of Oxford.

Note 2. William of Evreux, son of Patrick, 1168-1196.

Moreover, these barons were present: Robert de Lacy, Nigel de Mowbray (age 42), Roger Bigot, Reginald de Lucy, Gervase Paynel, William de Humet, Baldwin Wake, Robert de Stafford, John, Constable of Chester, Jollan de Neville, William de Neville, Henry de Putot, Ranulf de Glanville (age 76), Justiciar of England, Gerard de Glanville, his brother, Gilbert Basset (age 33), Gerard de Camville, and Richard de Camville.

Præterea hi barones interfuerunt, Robertus de Lasci, Nigellus de Mumbray, Rogerus Bigot, Reginaldus Lusci, Gervasius Painel, Willelmus de Humet, Baldewinus Wag, Robertus de Stanford, Johannes¹ constabularius Cestrize, Jollanus de Nevil, Willelmus de Nevil, Henricus de Puteaco, Ranulfus de Glanvil justitiarius Anglize, Gerardus de Glanvilla frater ipsius, Gillebertus Basset, Gerardus de Camvilla, Ricardus de Camvilla.

Note 1. De Lacy.

Here begins the order of the coronation of King Richard.

Incipit ordo coronationis regis Ricardi.

First, the bishops, abbots, and many clerics came, dressed in purple copes, with the cross, candles, and censers preceding them, all the way to the door of the inner chamber. There they received the aforementioned Richard, who was to be crowned, and led him to the church of Westminster up to the altar with a reverent procession and singing in this manner.

Inprimis venerunt episcopi et abbates et cleric multi induti cappis purpureis, præcedentibus eos cruce, cereis, thuribulis, usque ad ostium thalami interioris. Et ibi receperunt praedictum Ricardum, qui coronandus erat, et duxerunt eum in ecclesiam Westmonasterii usque ad altare cum reverenti processione et cantu in hune¢ modum.

At the front, clerics dressed in albs led the procession, carrying holy water, the cross, candles, and censers. Then came the abbots, followed by the bishops. In the midst of them walked four barons carrying candlesticks with candles.

In prima fronte præcedebant clerici albis induti, portantes aquam benedictam et crucem et cereos et thuribulos: deinde veniebant abbates; deinde episcopi. In medio autem illorum ibant quatuor barones portantes candelabra cum cereis.

After them came John Marshal (age 43), carrying in his hands two large and heavy spurs from the royal treasury. Next to him walked Geoffrey de Lucy, carrying the royal crown.

Post illos veniebat Johannes Marescallus, portans in manibus suis duo calcaria magna et ponderosa de thesauro regis. Juxta illum ibat Godefridus de Luci portans pileum regale.

03 Sep 1189. After them came two earls, whose names are these: William Marshal (age 43), Earl of Striguil, and William (age 39), Earl of Salisbury. One of them, namely William Marshal, carried the royal scepter, on the top of which was a golden cross. The other, namely William, Earl of Salisbury, carried the royal rod, which had a dove at its summit.

Post illos veniebant duo comites, quorum hæc sunt nomina; Willelmus Marescallus comes de Striguil, et Willelmus comes de Salesbiria: unus illorum, scilicet Willelmus Marescallus, portans sceptrum regale, in cujus summitate signum crucis aureum erat: et alter, scilicet Willelmus comes de Salesbiria, portans virgam regalem, habentem columbam in summitate.

And after them came three earls, whose names are these: David (age 36), brother of the King of Scots, Earl of Huntingdon; Robert, Earl of Leicester; and in the midst of them went John (age 22), Earl of Mortain and Gloucester, carrying three swords with golden scabbards taken from the royal treasury.

Et post illos veniebant tres comites, quorum hæc sunt nomina; David frater regis Scotiæ comes de Huntedona, et Robertus comes Leicestriæ, et in medio illorum ibat Johannes comes Meretoni et Gloucestriæ, portantes tres gladios cum vaginis aureis sumptos de thesauro regis.

And after them came six earls and barons carrying a chessboard on which were placed the royal insignia and garments

Et post illos veniebant sex comites et barones portantes unum scaccarium super quod posita erant insignia regalia et vestes.

03 Sep 1189. And after them went William de Mandeville, Earl of Aumale and Essex, carrying the golden crown in his hands. Then came Richard (age 31), Duke of Normandy, with Hugh (age 64), Bishop of Durham, walking on his right, and Reginald, Bishop of Bath, walking on his left, while a silk canopy was carried over them. The entire throng of earls, barons, knights, and others, both clerics and laypeople, followed all the way to the courtyard of the church, and thus into the church up to the altar.

Et post illos ibat Willelmus de Mandevilla comes de Albemarla et de Exessa, portans coronam auream in manibus suis. Deinde venit Ricardus dux Normanniæ, et Hugo Dunelmensis episcopus a dextris illius ibat, et Eeginaldus Bathoniensis episcopus a sinistris illius ibat, et umbraculum sericum portabatur super illos. Et omnis turba comitum et baronum et militum et aliorum, tarn clericorum quam laicorum, sequebatur usque in atrium ecclesiæ, et sic usque in ecclesiam ad altare.

When they arrived at the altar, before the aforementioned archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, clergy, and people, Duke Richard made these three oaths. Firstly, he swore and vowed before the holy Gospels and the relics of many saints that he would uphold peace, honour, and reverence to God and the Holy Church and its ordained ministers for all the days of his life. Secondly, he swore that he would administer right justice to the people entrusted to him. Thirdly, he swore that he would abolish bad laws and corrupt customs, if any exist in his realm, and would uphold good ones.

Cum vero perventum esset ad altare, coram prædictis archiepiscopis et episcopis, abbatibus, comitibus, baronibus, clero et populo, hæc tria fecit Ricardus dux sacramenta. Juravit itaque et vovit coram positis sacrosanctis Evangeliis et plurimorum sanctorum relliquiis, quod pacem et lionorem et reverentiam omnibus diebus vitse suae portabit Deo et Sanctse Ecclesise et ejus ordinatis. Deinde juravit quod rectam justitiam exercebit in populo sibi commisso. Deinde juravit quod leges malas et consuetudines perversas, si aliquse sunt in regno suo, delebit, et bonas custodiet¹.

Note 1. [et bonas custodie] Hoveden has here, "et bonas leges conderet et sine fraude et malo ingenio eas custodiret."

Then they stripped him of the garments he had been wearing, except for his shirt and breeches. The shirt was, in fact, torn at the shoulders.

Deinde exuerunt eum vestibus suis quibus indutus fuerat, exceptis camisia et braccis. Camisia vero ilia dissuta erat in scapulis,

Then they placed upon him sandals adorned with gold.

Deinde calciaverunt eum sandaliis auro contextis.

Then the archbishop handed him the scepter in his right hand and the royal rod in his left.

Deinde tradidit ei archiepiscopus seeptrum in manu dextera, et virgam regalem in sinistra.

Then Baldwin (age 63), Archbishop of Canterbury, pouring holy oil over him in three places—namely, on the head, on the shoulders, and on the right arm—anointed him as king, with the prescribed prayers for the occasion.

Deinde Baldewinus archiepiscopus Cantuariensis infundens oleum sanctum desuper in tribus locis, unxit eum in regem; scilicet in capite, in scapulis, et in brachio dextro, cum orationibus ad hoc constitutis.

Then he placed a consecrated linen cloth upon his head and put the crown on top of it. Afterward, they dressed him in royal vestments, first the tunic, and then the dalmatic.

Deinde posuit super caput ejus consecratum pannum lineum et pileum desuper. Deinde vestierunt eum regalibus indumentis; primo tunica, deinde dalmatica.

Then the archbishop handed him the sword to restrain the wrongdoers of the Church.

Deinde tradidit ei archiepiscopus gladium ad malefactores ecclesise comprimendos.

Then two earls equipped him with golden spurs taken from the royal treasury.

Deinde duo comites calciaverunt eum calcaria aurea sumpta de thesauro regis.

Then he put on the mantle.

Deinde indutus est mantea.

Then he was led to the altar, where the archbishop, having sworn him in, forbade him, on behalf of God, to assume honor unless he had in mind to uphold the oaths and vows he had made earlier. He responded that, with God's help, he would faithfully observe all the aforementioned commitments.

Deinde ductus est ad altare, et conjuratus ab archiepiscopo, et prohibitus ex parte Dei ne homo honorem sibi assumat, nisi in mente habeat tenere sacramenta et vota quae superius fecit. Et ipse respondit se per Dei auxilium omnia supradicta observaturum bona fide.

Then he took the crown from the altar and handed it to the archbishop, who placed it upon the king's head.

Deinde ipse cepit coronam de altari, et tradidit eam archiepiscopo; et archiepiscopus posuit eam super caput regis.

And so, having been crowned, the king was led to his seat, with Hugh, Bishop of Durham, on his right, and Reginald, Bishop of Bath, on his left, while candlesticks and the aforementioned three swords preceded them.

Et sic coronatus rex ductus est ad sedem suam, ducentibus eum Hugone Dunelmensi episcopo a dextris, et Reginaldo Bathoniensi episcopo a sinistris, praecedentibus eos candelabris, et supradictis tribus gladiis.

Then the Sunday Mass began. When it came to the Offertory, the aforementioned two bishops led him to make his offering and then brought him back to his seat.

Deinde inchoata est Missa Dominicalis. Cum vero perventum fuit ad offertorium, preefati duo episcopi duxerunt eum ad offerendum, et reduxerunt ad sedem suam.

After the Mass was celebrated and all rites were properly completed, the aforementioned two bishops, one on the right and one on the left, led him, now crowned and carrying the scepter in his right hand and the royal rod in his left, from the church to his chamber, with a properly ordered procession preceding them. Then the procession returned to the choir.

Celebrata autem Missa, et omnibus rite peractis, preedicti duo episcopi, unus a dexteris et unus a sinistris, reduxerunt eum coronatum, portantem sceptrum in dextera et virgam regalem in sinistra, ab ecclesia usque in thalamum suum, processione ordinatim præcedente. Deinde reversa est processio in chorum.

Meanwhile, the king removed his crown and royal garments and put on lighter attire. Thus crowned, he came to the meal. The archbishops, bishops, abbots, and other clerics sat with him at his table, each according to their rank and dignity. The earls, barons, and knights, however, were seated at separate tables and feasted splendidly.

Interim rex deposuit coronam suam et vestes regales, et leviores coronam et vestes sumpsit: et sic coronatus venit prandere. Et archiepiscopi, et episcopi, et abbates et alii clerici sedebant cum eo in mensa sua, unusquisque secundum ordinem et dignitatem suam. Comites vero et barones et milites sedebant ad alias mensas et epulabantur splendide.

While they were dining, certain Jewish leaders arrived in defiance of the king's prohibition. The king had previously issued a public edict forbidding Jews or women from attending his coronation. The courtiers then laid hands on the Jews, stripped and beat them, and, having inflicted severe blows, expelled them from the royal court. Some were killed, and others were left half-dead. One of the Jews, named Benedict of York, was so severely beaten and wounded that his life was despaired of. Terrified by the fear of death, he accepted baptism from William, Prior of the Church of St. Mary of York, and was given the name William. Thus, he escaped the danger of death and the hands of his pursuers.

Prandentibus autem illis, principes Judæorum contra prohibitionem regis supervenerunt. Et quia rex die præcedenti prohibuerat communi edicto, ne Judæus vel mulier ad coronationem suam veniret, curiales¹ injecerunt manus in Judæeos, et spoliaverunt eos et verberaverunt eos, et plagis impositis ejecerunt eos a curia regis: quosdam vero interfecerunt, quosdam semivivos reliquerunt. Unus autem ex Judseis illis, qui Benedictus Judæus Eboracensis vocabatur, adeo graviter verberibus et vulneribus affectus est, quod de vita illius desperatum est, et sic timore mortis perterritus suscepit baptismum a Willelmo priore ecclesiæ Sanctæ Mariæ Eboraci; et vocatus est Willelmus. Et sic evasit mortis periculum et manus persequentium.

Note 1. [curiales] Hoveden says, "plebs superbo oculo et insatiabili corde" He gives a few more particulars.

Hearing that the courtiers had so cruelly dealt with the Jews, the people of the city of London attacked the Jews of the city. They plundered them, killing many of both sexes, and set fire to their homes, reducing them to ashes and cinders. However, a few of them escaped the massacre by taking refuge within the Tower of London and hiding in the houses of their friends.

Audiens autem plebs civitatis Lundoniæ quod curiales ita sævirent in Judæeos, irruerunt in Judæos civitatis: et spoliaverunt eos, et multos interfecerunt utriusque sexus; et domos illorum succenderunt, et in cinerem et favillam redegerunt. Pauci tamen illorum evaserunt illam interfectionem, includentes se infra turrim Lundoniarum, et in domibus amicorum suorum latitabant.

04 Sep 1189. The next day, when the king heard of these events, he sent his servants throughout the city to apprehend some of the wrongdoers and present them to him. Three of them were hanged by judicial order: one for theft committed against a Christian, and the other two for having committed arson in the city, resulting in the burning of Christian houses. The king then sent for the man who had recently converted from Judaism to Christianity, in the presence of those who had witnessed his baptism. He questioned him to confirm whether he had truly become a Christian. The man replied, "No," but said he had allowed himself to be baptized by Christians to escape death. The king then asked the Archbishop of Canterbury, in the presence of many other archbishops and bishops, what should be done with him. The archbishop, less discreetly than he should have been, answered, "If he does not wish to be a man of God, let him be a man of the devil." Thus, the man who had been a Christian reverted to Judaism.

Insequenti die cum rex audisset hæc fieri, missis servientibus suis per civitatem, fecit comprehendi quosdam malefactorum illorum et sibi præsentari. Tres vero illorum per judicium curie suspensi sunt in patibulo: unus quia furtum fecerat in re cujusdam Christiani; duo quia incendium fecerant in civitate, unde domus Christianorum combustee sunt. Deinde misit rex pro viro illo qui jam de Judeeo factus fuerat Christianus, preesentibus illis qui viderant baptizare eum; et interrogavit eum, si esset Christianus effectus. Ipse vero respondit "Non," sed ut mortem evaderet permisit sibi fieri a Christianis quod volebant. Tunc interrogavit rex archiepiscopum Cantuariensem, praesentibus multis archiepiscopis et episcopis, quid esset de illo faciendum. Respondit archiepiscopus minus discrete quam deberet dicens, "Si ipse homo Dei esse non vult, sit homo diaboli," et sic reversus est ille qui fuerat Christianus ad legem Judaicam.

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