Diary of Edward VI. Jun 1548. The Scottis besieged the towne of Hadington¹ wher the captaine mr. Wilford² every day mad(e) issues upon them, and slew divers of them. The thing was very weake but for the men, who did very manfully. Oftentimes mr. Holcroft and mr. Paulmer³ did vitail it by force, passing through the enemies. And at the last the ringrave⁴ unawares set upon mr. Paulmer⁵, wich was ther with ner a thousand and 500 horsmen, and discomfited him, taking him, mr. Bowes (age 56) warden of the Westmarches, and divers other to the nomber of 400, and slew a few.

Note 1. "The History of the Winning of Hadington in Scotland, An. 2 Reg. Edwardi VI." forms the last portion of the historico-poetical book entitled "The Flower of Fame," compyled by Ulpian Fulwell, printed in London 1575, 4to., and reprinted in the Harleian Miscellany, edit. 1812, vol. ix. His information was received from "capitayne Dethick," one of the officers employed; and the accounts given by Holinshed and the other chroniclers are derived from this source.

Note 2. Sir James Wilford. He had been knighted by the earl of Hertford after the taking of Leith, September 28, 1547. In the defence of Hadington he acquired great reputation, as will be found in Fulwell's narrative. He was afterwards taken prisoner (see p. 224); and further particulars respecting him may be seen in the notes to Machyn's Diary, p. 314.

Note 3. Sir Thomas Holcroft and sir Thomas Palmer.

Note 4. The Rhinegrave is mentioned by Holinshed as "coronall" of 3,000 or 4,000 lansknechts in the French service at Boulogne in 1546. I have not discovered his name, but may notice a misapprehension of Mr. Park, the editor of the Harleian Miscellany, who (vol. ix. p. 370, misreading Ulpian Fulwell) identifies this commander with d'Esse, and imagines "the Ringrave of Fraunce" to be "a term applied in pantomimic contempt." The force sent by France to aid the Scots in 1548 consisted of "5,000 olde beattin shouldiers, — Frenche, Italians, and Germans. De Dessay was generall; Dandelot commandit the Frenche footte; Strozzi commandit the Italians; the Eeingrave commandit the Germans; Dunow was generall of the ordinance." (Balfour, i. 290.) Pietro Strozzi, general of the galleys of France, appears to have arrived first, with sixteen galleys, and won the castle of St. Andrew's. (Ibid. p. 287.) He was cousin-german to the queen, Catharine de Medicis, and was afterwards, in 1554, raised to the rank of a marshal of France; see Anselme, Histoire Geneal. vii. 206.

Note 5. My lord (the earl of Shrewsbury (age 48)) sent in hys stead sir Thomas Palmer and sir Robart Bowes (age 56): marrye, of all the launcies sir Thomas had the rule, whose selfwyll and glorie in that joorney did cast awaye the whoale power, for they were all over-throwen." Commentarie of the Services of William lord Grey of Wilton (age 39), p. 16. Sir W. Paget, in a letter to the Protector on this occasion, (MS. Cotton. Titus F. ni.) speaks very highly of sir Thomas Palmer.

Diary of Edward VI. Ther was great preparation mad to goe into Scoteland² and the lord Protectour³, th'erl of Warwic⁴, the lord Dacres⁵, the lord Gray,^1a and mr. Brian,^2a went with a great nomber of nobles and gentlemen to Berwic, wbere, the first day after his conaming, he mustered al his company, wich wer to the nomber of 13,000 footmen and 5000 horsmen.^3a The next day he marched on into Scoteland, and so passed the Pease.⁴ Then he burnt tow castels^1b in Scoteland, and so passed a straight of a brig^2b wher 300 Scottis light horsmen set upon him behind him, who wer discomfited. So he passed to Musselburough, where the first day after he come he went up to the hill, and saw the Scottis, thinking them, as thei were indeed, at lest 36,000^3b men, and my lord of Warwic was almost taken, chasing th'erl of Huntley, by an ambush. But he was rescued by on(e) Bertivell,^4b with twelve hagbusiers on horsbake, and the ambush ran away. The 7 day of September, the lord Protectour thought to get the hil; wich the Scottis seeing, passed the brig over the river of Muselburough, and strove for the hier ground, and almost gott it. But our horsmen set upon them, who although the(y) staled them, yet wer put to flight, and gathered together again by the due of Somerset lord Protectour, and th'erl of Warwic, and wer redie to give a new onset. The Scottis being amasid with this, fledde ther wayes, some to Edenburough, som to the see, and some to Dalkeith, and ther wer slain 10,000 of them.^1c But of Englishe men 51 horsmen, wich were almost al gentilmen, and but one foteman.^2c Prisoners were taken the lord Huntley^3c chauncellour of Scoteland, and divers other gentlemen, and slain of lardes a 1000.^1d And mr. Brian,^2d Sadleir,^3d and Vane^4d were mad(e) Barnels^5d [bannerets].

Note 2. The history of this campaign was related in "The Expedicion into Scotlande of the most woorthely fortunate prince Edward Duke of Somerset, uncle to our most noble sovereign lord the Kinges Majestie Edward the VI., Goovernour of hys Hyghnes persone, and Protectour of hys Grace's realmes, dominions, and subjectes; made in the first yere of his Majesties most prosperous reign, and set out by way of Diarie, By W. Patten, Londoner. Printed at London, 1548;" 12mo. and reprinted in Dalzell's Fragments of Scotish History, 1798. Patten was one of the judges of the marshalsea in the army, the other being William Cecill, afterwards the great Burghley. His narrative is largely quoted in Holinshed, and followed in Sir John Hay ward's Life and Reign of Edward VI. The Sieur Berteville has also left a memoir of the campaign: see note hereafter in p. 217.

Note 3. The duke of Somerset was experienced in the warfare of the Scotish border. He had been lord warden of the marches in 1542, when James the Fifth lost his life at Solway moss. The next year, accompanied by the lord Lisle, he visited the towns of Leith and Edinburgh with fire and devastation. And in 1544 as lord-lieutenant he commanded the expedition sent into Scotland, in which the towns of Leith and Edinburgh were again burnt, with those of Preston, Haddington, and Dunbar, and various castles, of which expedition a narrative, printed in the same year, is reprinted in Dalzell's Fragments of Scotish History, 1798, 4to. See the duke's military atchievements further particularised in the preface to the work of Patten, mentioned in the preceding note. On the present occasion he went as "general of the armie, and capitayn of the battalle, having in it iiii. m. fotemen." (Patten.) Letters patent constituting him "Lieutenant and Captain-generall of the warres both by sea and land," passed the great seal on the 11th of August (Burnet erroneously says the 21st); and they are printed in Rymer's Fœdera under the wrong year, 1548 instead of 1547, an error which misled Rapin (vol. ii. p. 12), who applied them to a time when (as he supposed) the Protector required authority to send the earl of Shrewsbury as Lieutenant-general, on the second year's campaign in Scotland.

Note 4. The earl of Warwick was Lieutenant of the army, and captain of the foreward of iii. M. footmen. (Patten.)

Note 5. William lord Dacre had the command of the rearward of iii. m. footmen.

Note 1a. The lord Grey of Wilton was high marshal of the army, and captain-generall of all the horsemen. See the account given of his conduct in the "Commentarie of the Services of William Lord Grey de Wilton," edited by Sir Philip Grey Egerton, Bart, for the Camden Society, 1847, p. 10. After the close of the campaign, lord Grey was left in Scotland in the chief command of the English forces.

Note 2a. Sir Francis Bryan was the captain of the light horsemen, being in number ii. m. (Patten.) He shortly after became marshal of Ireland (having married the countess dowager of Ormonde), and on the 27th December, 1549, was constituted lord justice of that kingdom; but during an expedition into Tipperary he died at Clonmell on the 2nd February following.

Note 3a. The King wrote 12,000 and 2000, and the figures are altered as above. The Sieur Berteville estimated the English army as about 12,000 (he at first wrote 14,000) footmen, 1300 men of arms, i.e. cavalry (he at first wrote "viii. centz." and so it is misprinted in the Bannatyne Club book hereafter noticed), and 2,500 light horsemen. These numbers may be compared with Patten's accoimt, p. xxv. of the several forces.

Note 4a. The lord protector, having left Berwick on Sunday the 4th of September, "marched that dale a six miles, and camped by a village called Rostan, in the baronrie of Boukendall." ..."The fift of September they marched an eight miles, untill they came to the Peaths, a clough or vallie running for a six miles west streight eastward, and toward the sea a twentie score brode from banke to banke above, and a five score in the bottome, wherein runs a little river. Steepe is this vallie on either side, and deep in the bottome." (Holinshed, following Patten.) The pass is called "the Pethes" in a letter of sir Ralph Sadler to the earl of Shrewsbury, printed in Lodge's Illustrations of British History, vol. i. pp. 120, 122. It is now called Cockburn's Path, anciently it is said Colbrand's Path; and the bridge which was built there in 1786 crosses a chasm in some parts more than 160 feet deep. It was this pass which the lord admiral told the King that his brother was not likely to surmount, "without losse of a great nombre of men, or of hymself" (see before, p. 58): it was, however, accomplished without difficulty, as Matthew Home, the captain of Dunglas castle, which commanded the pass, surrendered without a struggle.

Note 1b. Dunglas castle was defaced, and the next day the piles of Thornton and Anderwick.

Note 2b. Linton brig, on the 7th of September.

Note 3b. The King first wrote 23,000. Patten states that he heard some of the Scots confess that their army consisted of "above xxvi. ii. fighting footmen, beside ii. M. horsemen prickers (as they cal them), and hereto iii. thousande Irish archers brought by th'erle of Argile." Preface, p. xii.

Note 4b. This occurred (as Patten tells us) on the 7th of September, in a skirmish at the passage of the river Lin, near Hailes castle, when the earl of Warwick was accompanied by scant sixteen horses, whereof Berteville and John de Ribaud, Frenchmen, were two, seven or eight light horsemen more, and the rest his own servants. Berteville was "hurt in the buttok." And it is added that "As Bartevil that day had righte honestly served, so did the lordes righte honorably quite yt, for straight upon the overtakynge of my lordes Grace (i.e. Somerset) my lorde Lieutenant (i e. Warwick) did get him a surgion, and drest he was, straight after layde and conveyed in my lordes Grace's owne chariot, that was both right sumptuous for cost and easy for caryage." This gentleman has himself left a memoir of the campaign, but his modesty has not permitted him to insert this adventure. The memoir was contributed by David Constable, esq. to the Bannatyne Club, entitled "Recit de l'Expedition en Escosse, I'an MDXLVI. et de la Batayle de Muscleburgh, par le Sieur Berteville," and printed in 1825, accompanied by a fac-simile of a large contemporary engraving of the battle of Musklebroghe (or Pinkey, as it has been more frequently termed). The original of this memoir is preserved in the Cottonian Library, Cleopatra A. xi. It commences with an epistle from the author to the King, above which is written "Liber Georgii fferrers ex dono Regis Edouardi:" which shows that it was given by the King to George Ferrers, well known as the Christmas Lord of Misrule (whose magnificence is amply commemorated in the Loseley Manuscripts), as a contributor to the Chronicles of Hollnshed, and as the principal poet of The Mirroiir for Magistrates. He was himself in this campaign; and Patten, describing him as "George Ferrers a gentleman of my lord Protector's, and one of the commissioners of the carriages in this army," tells a story of his smothering some Soots hid in a cavern near Leith (p. 44). To return to Berteville: he was one of those knighted by the earl of Warwick at Berwick in September, when Patten calls him sir John Bartevile. He is noticed in a letter of dr. Wotton printed by Tytler, p. 91. His name occurs again in the King's Journal in connection with the charges made against the Protector by Warwick.

Note 1c. Sir James Balfour says "the Scotts lost 8000 men of all sortes, and weire 1000 prisoners taken." Aunales of Scotland, printed in 1825, 8vo. vol. i. p. 285.

Note 2c. Patten commemorates particularly the deaths of Edward Shelley, the lord Grey's lieutenant of the men of arms of Boulogne, upon whom he gives a long eulogium (p. 72); and another Bullener "little Preston," who was "found with both his handes cut of by the wreastes, and knowen to be he, for that it was knowen he had of each arme a bracelet of golde, for the which they so chopt him."

Note 3c. George Gordon, fourth earl of Huntly, constituted lord chancellor of Scotland in 1546. He was distinguished as a soldier, particularly by his victory over sir Robert Bowes at Haddenrig in 1542. On the 9th Sept. 1547 (the day before the battle of Pinkey or Musselburgh), the earl of Huntly challenged the duke of Somerset, to "fight for the whole quarrel, xx. to xx., x. to x., or els hymselfe alone with your Grace man to man." The Protector refused, "beynge of such estate by the sufferaunce of God as (to) have so weighty a charge of so precious a jewel, the governaunce of a Kynges person, and the protection of all his reames." See the incident related at considerable length by Patten, p. 49. The earl escaped from prison at Morpeth in 1548, and was killed in battle with the regent Moray at Corrichie in 1562.

Note 1d. At first -written 2000.

Note 2d. Sir Francis Bryan, already noticed.

Note 3d. Sir Ralph Sadleyr was treasurer of the army. Berteville bears this testimony to his valour: "En cest bataille monseigneur Sadeler le tresseurier monstra que son sens et proesse ne gist tant en office du finances qu'en experience de guerre." (p. 17.) Attached to sir Ralph Sadleyr's monument at Standon in Hertfordshire was a banner-staff of extraordinary height, said to have been a trophy of the field of Mussleburgh.

Note 4d. Sir Ralph Vane is described by Patten as "Lieutenaunt of all the men of armes and dimilaunces, beyng in number iiij. M." in which number there is perhaps un error. Berteville speaks of "la maison du roy, duquoy estoit chef Mons^r de Vannez, ung aussi vaillant et saige capitaine." (p. 26.) But sir Thomas Darcy, according to Patten, was the "capitayn of all the Kynges majesties pencioners and men of armes."

Note 5d. Besides these three bannerets — "a dignitie (as Patten remarks) above a Knight, and next to a Baron," the duke of Somerset also made the following Knights in the camp at Roxburgh on the 28th of September: —

The lord Grey of Wilton, high marshal.

The lord Edward Seimour, my lordes grace's [eldest] son [by his first wife].

The lord Thomas Howard.

The lord Walldyke, a Clevelander.

Sir Thomas Dacre.

Sir Edward Hastings.

Sir Edmund Brydges.

Sir John Thynne, my lord's grace's steward of household.

Sir Miles Partridge.

Sir John Conway.

Sir Giles Poole.

Sir Ralph Bagnall.

Sir Oliver Lawrence.

Sir Henry Gates.

Sir Thomas Chaloner, one of the clerks of the council, and in this army chief secretary.

Sir Francis Flemmyng, master of the ordnance.

Sir Eichard Towneley.

Sir Marmaduke Constable.

Sir George Awdeley.

Sir John Holcroft (joint commissioner of the musters. Patten, p. xxvi )

Sir John Southworth

Sir Thomas Danby.

Sir John Talbot.

Sir Rowland Clerk.

Sir John Gresham.

Sir William Skipwith.

Sir John Buttes.

Sir George Blaag (joint commissioner of the musters. Patten, p. xxvi.)

Sir William Frauncis.

Sir Francis Knolles.

Sir William Thornborow.

Sir George Howard, who did bear the King's standard in the battail.

Sir James Wylforde (provost marshal of the army. Patten, p. xxv.)

Sir Ralph Coppinger (a pensioner.)

Sir Thomas Wentworth.

Sir John Mervyn.

Sir Nicholas Lestrange.

Sir Charles Stourton.

Sir Hugh Ascough.

Sir Francis Salvayn.

Sir John Horsle.y (captain of Bamborough castle. Patten, p. 28.)

Sir John Forster.

Sir Christopher Dies, Spaniards.

Sir Peter Negroo, Spaniards.

Sir Alonzo de Vile, Spaniards.

Sir Henry Hussey

Sir James Granado

Brabander

Sir Walter Bonham.

And at Newcastle, on the duke's return, he knighted the mayor, sir Robert Brandling.

Subsequently, the earl of Warwick, when lieutenant-general, made five knights at Berwick, — sir Thomas Neville (the lord Neville's brother), sir Andrew Corbet, sir Anthony Strelley, sir Arthur Mainwaring, sir Richard Verney, and sir John Berteville the Frenchman. (Patten, corrected by Holinshed.)