Paternal Family Tree: Hanover
Maternal Family Tree: Sophie Mecklenburg-Schwerin Queen Consort Denmark 1557-1631
On 30th September 1658 [his father] Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 28] and [his mother] Electress Sophia Palatinate Simmern [aged 27] were married. She the daughter of [his grandfather] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine and [his grandmother] Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia [aged 62]. He the son of George Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg and Anne Eleonore Hesse Darmstadt Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 57].
On 28th May 1660 King George I was born to Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 30] and Electress Sophia Palatinate Simmern [aged 29]. He a great grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 21st November 1682 George Louis of Hanover [aged 22] and Sophia Dorothea of Celle [aged 16] were married. The marriage had been arranged by their respective fathers Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 53] and George Wilhelm Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 58], and his mother Electress Sophia Palatinate Simmern [aged 52]. She the illegitmate daughter of George Wilhelm Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg and Eleonore Esmier D'Olbreuse Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg. He the son of Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg and Electress Sophia Palatinate Simmern. They were first cousins. He a great grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 30th October 1683 [his son] King George II of Great Britain and Ireland was born to King George I [aged 23] and [his wife] Sophia Dorothea of Celle [aged 17] at Herrenhausen Palace, Hanover, Lower Saxony. He a great x 2 grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland. Coefficient of inbreeding 6.25%. He married 22nd August 1705 Caroline Hohenzollern Queen Consort England and had issue.
Before 1685 [his brother-in-law] Frederick I King Prussia [aged 27] and [his sister] Sophia Charlotte Hanover Queen Consort Prussia [aged 16] were married. She the daughter of [his father] Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 55] and [his mother] Electress Sophia Palatinate Simmern [aged 54]. He the son of Frederick William "Great Elector" Hohenzollern Elector Brandenburg [aged 64] and Luise Henriette Orange Nassau. They were second cousins. She a great granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 26th March 1687 [his daughter] Sophia Dorothea Hanover Queen Consort Prussia was born to King George I [aged 26] and [his wife] Sophia Dorothea of Celle [aged 20]. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland. Coefficient of inbreeding 6.25%. She married 28th November 1706 her first cousin Frederick William "Soldier King" I King Prussia, son of Frederick I King Prussia and Sophia Charlotte Hanover Queen Consort Prussia, and had issue.
John Evelyn's Diary. 19th July 1689. The Convention (or Parliament as some called it) sitting, exempt the Duke of Hanover [aged 29] from the succession to the crown, which they seem to confine to the present new King [aged 38], his wife [aged 27], and Princess Anne of Denmark [aged 24], who is so monstrously swollen, that it is doubted whether her being thought with child may prove a TYMPANY only, so that the unhappy family of the Stuarts seems to be extinguishing; and then what government is likely to be next set up is unknown, whether regal and by election, or otherwise, the Republicans and Dissenters from the Church of England evidently looking that way.
In January 1692 [his illegitimate daughter] Anne aka Louise Sophia Schulenburg was born illegitimately to King George I [aged 31] and Melusine Schulenburg 1st Duchess Munster 1st Duchess Kendal [aged 24]. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 19th December 1692 [his father] Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 63] was elected Elector Brunswick Lüneburg.
William of Worcester's Chronicle of England
William of Worcester, born around 1415, and died around 1482 was secretary to John Fastolf, the renowned soldier of the Hundred Years War, during which time he collected documents, letters, and wrote a record of events. Following their return to England in 1440 William was witness to major events. Twice in his chronicle he uses the first person: 1. when writing about the murder of Thomas, 7th Baron Scales, in 1460, he writes '… and I saw him lying naked in the cemetery near the porch of the church of St. Mary Overie in Southwark …' and 2. describing King Edward IV's entry into London in 1461 he writes '… proclaimed that all the people themselves were to recognize and acknowledge Edward as king. I was present and heard this, and immediately went down with them into the city'. William’s Chronicle is rich in detail. It is the source of much information about the Wars of the Roses, including the term 'Diabolical Marriage' to describe the marriage of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’s brother John’s marriage to Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, he aged twenty, she sixty-five or more, and the story about a paper crown being placed in mockery on the severed head of Richard, 3rd Duke of York.
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On 1st April 1693 [his illegitimate daughter] Petronilla Melusine Schulenburg Countess Chesterfield was born illegitimately to King George I [aged 32] and Melusine Schulenburg 1st Duchess Munster 1st Duchess Kendal [aged 25]. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 28th December 1694 the marriage of the future King George I [aged 34] and Sophia Dorothea of Celle [aged 28] was dissolved. Sophia Dorothea was named as the guilty party for "maliciously leaving her husband". She was forbidden to remarry or to see her children again; her name was removed from official documents, she was stripped of her title of Electoral Princess. She was imprisoned for life.
On 23rd January 1698 [his father] Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 68] died.
In 1701 King George I [aged 40] was appointed 509th Knight of the Garter by King William III of England, Scotland and Ireland [aged 50].
In 1701 [his illegitimate daughter] Margarethe Gertrud von Oeynhausen Schulenburg was born illegitimately to King George I [aged 40] and Melusine Schulenburg 1st Duchess Munster 1st Duchess Kendal [aged 33]. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 18th January 1701 [his brother-in-law] Frederick I King Prussia [aged 43] was created I King Prussia. [his sister] Sophia Charlotte Hanover Queen Consort Prussia [aged 32] by marriage Queen Consort Prussia.
On 1st February 1705 [his sister] Sophia Charlotte Hanover Queen Consort Prussia [aged 36] died.
On 22nd August 1705 King George II of Great Britain and Ireland [aged 21] and Caroline Hohenzollern Queen Consort England [aged 22] were married. He the son of King George I [aged 45] and Sophia Dorothea of Celle [aged 38].
On 28th November 1706 [his son-in-law] Frederick William "Soldier King" I King Prussia [aged 18] and Sophia Dorothea Hanover Queen Consort Prussia [aged 19] were married. She the daughter of King George I [aged 46] and Sophia Dorothea of Celle [aged 40]. He the son of Frederick I King Prussia [aged 49] and Sophia Charlotte Hanover Queen Consort Prussia. They were first cousins. He a great x 2 grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 1st May 1714 Henry Paget 1st Earl Uxbridge [aged 51] was appointed Envoy Extraordinary to the Elector of Hanover [aged 53], the future King George I. He requested he be made an Earl but Queen Anne of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 49] declined his request.
Henrici Quinti, Angliæ Regis, Gesta, is a first-hand account of the Agincourt Campaign, and subsequent events to his death in 1422. The author of the first part was a Chaplain in King Henry's retinue who was present from King Henry's departure at Southampton in 1415, at the siege of Harfleur, the battle of Agincourt, and the celebrations on King Henry's return to London. The second part, by another writer, relates the events that took place including the negotiations at Troye, Henry's marriage and his death in 1422.
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On 8th June 1714 [his mother] Electress Sophia Palatinate Simmern [aged 83] died.
On 1st August 1714 Queen Anne of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 49] died at Kensington Palace. Her second cousin George [aged 54] succeeded I King Great Britain and Ireland.
On 18th September 1714 King George I [aged 54] arrived at Greenwich following his accession to the throne of the United Kingdom on the death of Queen Anne on 1st of August. There was apparently thick fog when the he made his way up the Thames accompanied by a flotilla of boats carrying his family and entourage including 18 cooks as well as his mistress, Ehrengard Melusine von der Schulenburg [aged 46], and his half-sister [his sister] Sophia Charlotte von Kielmansegg. He landed at the water gates of the Sir Christopher Wren-designed Royal Hospital for Seamen, now known as the Old Royal Naval College, in Greenwich. When the waiting crowds cheered the disembarking king, it was a case of mistaken identity. In fact, they were cheering his son, George Augustus [aged 30] (and future King George II) and by the time the king actually disembarked, much of the crowd had already dissolved, leaving a much smaller gathering to welcome him.
On 20th October 1714 King George I [aged 54] was crowned I King Great Britain and Ireland at Westminster Abbey [Map] by Archbishop Thomas Tenison [aged 78].
Charles Fitzroy 2nd Duke Grafton [aged 30] was appointed Lord High Steward.
Willam Humphreys 1st Baronet officiated in his capacity of Lord Mayor of London, entertaining the King and his court at Guildhall
On 1st December 1714 Francis Eyles 1st Baronet was created 1st Baronet Eyles of London by King George I [aged 54].
The 1715 Battle of Preston was the final action of the 1715 Jacobite Rebellion. It commenced on 9th November 1715 when Jacobite cavalry entered Preston, Lancashire [Map]. Royalist troops arrived in number over the next few days surrounding Preston forcing the Jacocobite surrender. 1463 were taken prisoner of which 463 were English. The Scottish prisoners included:
George Seton 5th Earl of Winton [aged 38]. The only prisoner to plead not guilty, sentenced to death, escaped from the Tower of London [Map] on 4th August 1716 around nine in the evening. Travelled to France then to Rome.
On 24th February 1716 William Gordon 6th Viscount Kenmure [aged 44] was beheaded on Tower Hill [Map].
On 9th February 1716 William Maxwell 5th Earl Nithsale was sentenced to be executed on 24th February 1716. The night before his wife [aged 36] effected his escape from the Tower of London [Map] by exchanging his clothes with those of her maid. They travelled to Paris then to Rome where the court of James "Old Pretender" Stewart [aged 27] was.
James Radclyffe 3rd Earl Derwentwater [aged 26] was imprisoned in the Tower of London [Map]. He was examined by the Privy Council on 10th January 1716 and impeached on 19th January 1716. He pleaded guilty in the expectation of clemency. He was attainted and condemned to death. Attempts were made to procure his pardon. His wife Anna Maria Webb Countess Derwentwater [aged 24], her sister Mary Webb [aged 21] [Note. Assumed to be her sister Mary], their aunt Anne Brudenell Duchess Richmond [aged 45], Barbara Villiers 1st Duchess of Cleveland appealed to King George I [aged 55] in person without success.
On 24th February 1716 James Radclyffe 3rd Earl Derwentwater was beheaded on Tower Hill [Map]. Earl Derwentwater, Baronet Radclyffe of Derwentwater in Cumberland forfeit.
William Murray 2nd Lord Nairne was tried on 9th February 1716 for treason, found guilty, attainted, and condemned to death. He survived long enough to benefit from the Indemnity Act of 1717.
General Thomas Forster of Adderstone [aged 31] was attainted. He was imprisoned at Newgate Prison, London [Map] but escaped to France.
The trials and sentences were overseen by the Lord High Steward William Cowper 1st Earl Cowper [aged 50] for which he subsequently received his Earldom.
Between 22nd January 1715 and 9th March 1715 the 1715 General Election was held. The election had been caused by George I's [aged 54] succession. The Whig party, which supported George I, won an overwhelming majority.
John Rushout 4th Baronet [aged 29] was elected MP Malmesbury.
Leonard Smelt [aged 32] was elected MP Northallerton.
Thomas Frankland 3rd Baronet [aged 30] was elected MP Thirsk.
George Carpenter 1st Baron Carpenter [aged 57] was elected MP Whitchurch.
On 26th January 1716 George Sackville aka Germain 1st Viscount Sackville was born to Lionel Cranfield Sackville 1st Duke Dorset [aged 28] and Elizabeth Colyear Duchess Dorset [aged 27]. His godfather King George I [aged 55] attended his baptism. He married 3rd September 1754 Diana Sambrooke and had issue.
On 29th June 1716 [his brother] Ernest Augustus Hanover 1st Duke of York and Albany [aged 41] was created 1st Duke York and Albany.
In 1719 Peregrine Bertie 2nd Duke Ancaster and Kesteven [aged 32] was appointed Gentlemen of the Bedchamber to King George I [aged 58].
On 28th April 1719 Charles Montagu 1st Duke Manchester [aged 57] was created 1st Duke Manchester by King George I [aged 58]. Doddington Greville Duchess Manchester [aged 47] by marriage Duchess Manchester.
On 19th May 1719 Edward Rich 7th Earl Warwick 4th Earl Holland [aged 21] was appointed Gentlemen of the Bedchamber to King George I [aged 58].
In 1720 Wilfrid Lawson 3rd Baronet [aged 23] was appointed Groom of the Bedchamber to King George I [aged 59] which position he held until 1725.
In 1723. Michael Dahl [aged 64] was requested by King George I [aged 62] to paint the portrait of the two year old [his grandson] William Augustus Hanover 1st Duke Cumberland [aged 1]. Dahl's refusal, it being beneath his dignity, resulted in his not being appointed the new court painter, and not being knighted.
In 1726 [his illegitimate daughter] Margarethe Gertrud von Oeynhausen Schulenburg [aged 25] died.
On 13th November 1726 [his former wife] Sophia Dorothea of Celle [aged 60] died shortly before midnight. An autopsy revealed liver failure and gall bladder occlusion due to 60 gallstones. Her former husband King George I [aged 66] died seven months later.
The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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Before 1727. Michael Dahl [aged 67]. Portrait of King George I [aged 66].
On 11th June 1727 King George I [aged 67] died. His son George [aged 43] succeeded II King Great Britain and Ireland. Caroline Hohenzollern Queen Consort England [aged 44] by marriage Queen Consort England.
Kings Wessex: Great x 18 Grand Son of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England
Kings Gwynedd: Great x 15 Grand Son of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd
Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 21 Grand Son of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth
Kings Powys: Great x 16 Grand Son of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys
Kings Godwinson: Great x 18 Grand Son of King Harold II of England
Kings England: Great Grand Son of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Kings Scotland: Great Grand Son of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Kings France: Great x 8 Grand Son of King Charles V of France
Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 22 Grand Son of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine
Kings Spain: Great x 14 Grand Son of Alfonso II King Aragon
Grandfather: George Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg 
father: Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg 11 x Great Grandson of King Philip III of France
Great x 4 Grandfather: William II Landgrave of Hesse 9 x Great Grandson of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Landgrave Philip I of Hesse 10 x Great Grandson of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: Landgrave George I of Hesse Darmstadt 8 x Great Grandson of King Philip III of France
Great x 4 Grandfather: George Duke of Saxony 9 x Great Grandson of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Christine of Saxony 7 x Great Granddaughter of King Philip III of France
Great x 4 Grandmother: Barbara Jagiellon 6 x Great Granddaughter of King Philip III of France
Great x 1 Grandfather: Landgrave Louis V of Hesse-Darmstadt 9 x Great Grandson of King Philip III of France
Grandmother: Anne Eleonore Hesse Darmstadt Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg 10 x Great Granddaughter of King Philip III of France
King George I Great Grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandfather: John II Count Palatinate Simmern 
5 x Great Grandson of King John "The Good" II of France
Great x 3 Grandfather: Frederick III Elector Palatine 6 x Great Grandson of King John "The Good" II of France
Great x 2 Grandfather: Louis VI Elector Palatine 7 x Great Grandson of King John "The Good" II of France
Great x 1 Grandfather: Frederick IV Elector Palatine 8 x Great Grandson of King John "The Good" II of France
Grandfather: Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine 6 x Great Grandson of King Charles V of France
Great x 3 Grandfather: William "The Rich" I Count of Nassau Dillenburg
Great x 2 Grandfather: William "The Silent" Orange Nassau I Prince Orange
Great x 1 Grandmother: Electress Louise Juliana of the Palatine Rhine 5 x Great Granddaughter of King Charles V of France
Great x 4 Grandfather: Louis Bourbon Prince of La Roche sur Yon 
5 x Great Grandson of King Louis IX of France
Great x 3 Grandfather: Louis Duke of Montpensier 4 x Great Grandson of King John "The Good" II of France
Great x 4 Grandmother: Louise Bourbon Duchess of Monpensier 3 x Great Granddaughter of King John "The Good" II of France
Great x 2 Grandmother: Charlotte Bourbon Princess Orange 4 x Great Granddaughter of King Charles V of France
Great x 4 Grandfather: Jean IV de Longwy Seigneur de Givry
Great x 3 Grandmother: Jacqueline de Longwy 3 x Great Granddaughter of King Charles V of France
Great x 4 Grandmother: Jeanne Valois 2 x Great Granddaughter of King Charles V of France
mother: Electress Sophia Palatinate Simmern 
Granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandfather: John Stewart 3rd Earl Lennox 
Great Grandson of King James II of Scotland
Great x 3 Grandfather: Matthew Stewart 4th Earl Lennox 2 x Great Grandson of King James II of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandmother: Isabel or Elizabeth Stewart Countess Lennox 3 x Great Granddaughter of King Robert II of Scotland
Great x 2 Grandfather: Henry "Lord Darnley" Stewart Great Grandson of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Archibald Douglas 6th Earl Angus 
4 x Great Grandson of King Robert III of Scotland
Great x 3 Grandmother: Margaret Douglas Countess Lennox Granddaughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Tudor Queen Scotland 
daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 1 Grandfather: King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland Grandson of King James V of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandfather: King James IV of Scotland 
son of King James III of Scotland
Great x 3 Grandfather: King James V of Scotland son of King James IV of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Tudor Queen Scotland daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 2 Grandmother: Mary Queen of Scots daughter of King James V of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Claude Lorraine 1st Duke Guise 4 x Great Grandson of King John "The Good" II of France
Great x 3 Grandmother: Mary of Guise Queen Consort Scotland 5 x Great Granddaughter of King John "The Good" II of France
Great x 4 Grandmother: Antoinette Bourbon Duchess of Guise 4 x Great Granddaughter of King John "The Good" II of France
Grandmother: Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia 
daughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandfather: King Frederick I of Denmark 
Great x 3 Grandfather: Christian III King of Denmark 8 x Great Grandson of King Philip III of France
Great x 4 Grandmother: Anna of Brandenburg 7 x Great Granddaughter of King Philip III of France
Great x 2 Grandfather: Frederick II King of Denmark 9 x Great Grandson of King Philip III of France
Great x 3 Grandmother: Dorothea of Saxe Lauenburg Queen Consort Denmark and Norway
Great x 1 Grandmother: Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland 10 x Great Granddaughter of King Philip III of France
Great x 4 Grandfather: Albrecht VII Duke Mecklenburg
Great x 3 Grandfather: Ulrich Mecklenburg-Schwerin 9 x Great Grandson of King Philip III of France
Great x 4 Grandmother: Anna Hohenzollern Duchess Mecklenburg 8 x Great Granddaughter of King Philip III of France
Great x 2 Grandmother: Sophie Mecklenburg-Schwerin Queen Consort Denmark 10 x Great Granddaughter of King Philip III of France