On this Day in History ... 3rd December
03 Dec is in December.
1660 December Creation of Baronets and Peerages
1680 Trial and Execution of William Howard 1st Viscount Stafford
Events on the 3rd December
Florence of Worcester. 03 Dec 1139. King Stephen at Worcester and Hereford. After these events, the king, with a large army, marched from Oxford to Worcester; and, having before his eyes what he had before heard of its disaster, he mourned over it. Halting there for three or four days, he conferred the dignity of constable, of which he had deprived Milo of Gloucester, on William (age 34), the son of Walter de Beauchamp, sheriff of Worcestershire.1 Here a report reached the king that his enemies, having violated their sworn promises of peace, had assaulted Hereford, and forced an entrance into the monastery of St. Ethelbert [Map], king and martyr, as if it had been a fortified castle. The king, therefore, put himself in march, and encamped at Little Hereford, or Leominster, where some of the inhabitants, taking counsel, swore fealty to him; while others refusing, sent him this message: "Although we will not swear, the king may, if he pleases, trust to the truth of our words." The holy days of Advent being close at hand [3rd December], a truce was agreed on between them, and the king returned to Worcester, where a certain clerk of eminent piety, Maurice by name, who had been elected by the clergy and people to the church of Bangor, was presented to the king at the castle, by Robert, bishop of Hereford, and Sigefrid, bishop of Chichester, who, bearing him company, attested his canonical election and fitness for the office of bishop; and the king confirmed the appointment. But being urged by the bishops to do homage to the king, he replied that he could in no wise do "There is," he said, "among us a man of great piety, whom I consider as my spiritual father, and who was archdeacon to my predecessor David, and he forbade me to take this oath." To which they made answer, "Reason requires that you should do we have done." Whereupon he said, "If you, who are men of high authority, have done this, I will not further hesitate to do the same." He therefore swore fealty to the king.
Note 1. See the preceding note. We are unable to account for this act of favour on the part of king Stephen to one of a family who were the most strenuous adherents of Henry I., his daughter the empress, and Henry III.; under all whom they held the offices of steward, sheriff of Worcestershire and Warwickshire, and constable. William de Beauchamp, fourth in descent from Walter, married Isabel, the heiress of William Mauduit, earl of Warwick; acquired that title in her right, and became the ancester of the powerful family of Beauchamp of Warwick. The earls Beauchamp of the present day are descended from Walter, of Powick, a younger son of William and Isabel.
On 03 Dec 1157 Malfada Savoy Queen Consort Portugal (age 32) died.
On 03 Dec 1312 Bishop John Hotham was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer.
On 03 Dec 1368 Charles "Beloved Mad" VI King France was born to King Charles V of France (age 30) and Joanna Bourbon Queen Consort France (age 30). Coefficient of inbreeding 3.59%.
Chronicle of Gregory 1431. 03 Dec 1431. Ande that year the kyng (age 9) passyde the see in to Fraunce, and wente unto Parysse [Map]; and he come thedyr the thyrde day of Decembyr.
Calendars. 03 Dec 1461. Westminster Palace [Map]. Appointment of the king's (age 19) kinsman Richard, Earl of Warwick (age 33), to execute the office of steward of England at the trial of Henry VI and other rebels who murdered the King's father Richard, duke of York, at Wakefield.
Henry Machyn's Diary. 03 Dec 1556. The iij day of Desember was bered in Essex my lord Morley (deceased), with iij harolds, master Garter and odur [heralds, a] standard and a banur of ys armes, and iiij baners [rolls], and iiij baners of emages, and elmett, and cott[-armour,] targett and sword, and viij dosen of skochyons ... dosen of torchys, and ij whytt branchys, and [many] mornars, and after the masse a grett dener.
Note. P. 120. Funeral of lord Morley. "Sir Henry Parker lord Morley dyed on Wensday the 25. of November 1556, at his howsse of Hannyngbery Morley, and was beryed on Thursday the 3. of December next foloing." (MS. Harl. 897, f. 79b.) In the church of Great Hallingbury: see Muilman's History of Essex, vol. iv. p. 143.
Henry Machyn's Diary. 03 Dec 1556. The iij day of Desember cam rydyng from her plasse my lade Elizabeth('s) (age 23) grace, from Somersett place downe Fletstreet, and thrugh Old Bayle, and thrugh Smyth-field, with a grett compene; and her servandes alle in red gardyd with velvett; and so her grace toke her way toward Bysshope Atfeld [Map] plasse.
On 03 Dec 1614 brothers John Sheffield, Edmund Sheffield (age 25) and Philip Sheffield (age 21) were drowned whilst attempting to cross the flooded River Ouse at the Whitgift Ferry, East Yorkshire [Map].
Evelyn's Diary. 03 Dec 1651. Sir Lewis Dives (age 52) dined with us, who relating some of his adventures, showed me divers pieces of broad gold, which, being in his pocket in a fight, preserved his life by receiving a musket bullet on them, which deadened its violence, so that it went no further; but made such a stroke on the gold as fixed the impressions upon one another, battering and bending several of them; the bullet itself was flatted, and retained on it the color of the gold. He assured us that of a hundred of them, which it seems he then had in his pocket, not one escaped without some blemish. He affirmed that his being protected by a Neapolitan Prince, who connived at his bringing some horses into France, contrary to the order of the Viceroy, by assistance of some banditti, was the occasion of a difference between those great men, and consequently of the late civil war in that kingdom, the Viceroy having killed the Prince standing on his defense at his own castle. He told me that the second time of the Scots coming into England, the King was six times their number, and might easily have beaten them; but was betrayed, as were all other his designs and counsels, by some, even of his bedchamber, meaning M. Hamilton, who copied Montrose's letters from time to time when his Majesty was asleep.
Evelyn's Diary. 03 Dec 1657. Mr. Gunning (age 43) preached on John iii. 3, against the Anabaptists, showing the effect and necessity of the sacrament of baptism. This sect was now wonderfully spread.
In Dec 1660 King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland (age 30) rewarded of further tranche of those who supported his Restoration by awarding them Baronetcies ...
On 03 Dec 1660 George Winn 1st Baronet (age 53) was created 1st Baronet Winn of Nostel in Yorkshire.
On 22 Dec 1660 John Keyt 1st Baronet (age 44) was created 1st Baronet Keyt of Ebrington in Gloucestershire for having raised a troop of horse to fight in the Royalist cause.
On 24 Dec 1660 William Frankland 1st Baronet (age 20) was created 1st Baronet Frankland of Thirkleby in Yorkshire.
Pepy's Diary. 03 Dec 1660. This morning I took a resolution to rise early in the morning, and so I rose by candle, which I have not done all this winter, and spent my morning in fiddling till time to go to the office, where Sir G. Carteret (age 50) did begin again discourse on Mr. Holland's proposition, which the King do take very ill, and so Sir George in lieu of that do propose that the seamen should have half in ready money and tickets for the other half, to be paid in three months after, which we judge to be very practicable. After office home to dinner, where come in my cozen Snow by chance, and I had a very good capon to dinner. So to the office till night, and so home, and then come Mr. Davis, of Deptford, Kent [Map] (the first time that ever he was at my house), and after him Mons. L'Impertinent, who is to go to Ireland to-morrow, and so came to take his leave of me. They both found me under the barber's hand; but I had a bottle of good sack in the house, and so made them very welcome. Mr. Davis sat with me a good while after the other was gone, talking of his hard usage and of the endeavour to put him out of his place in the time of the late Commissioners, and he do speak very highly of their corruption. After he was gone I fell a reading 'Cornelianum dolium' till 11 o'clock at night with great pleasure, and after that to bed.
Pepy's Diary. 03 Dec 1661. At noon from thence to the Wardrobe, where dinner not being ready Mr. Moore and I to the Temple [Map] about my little business at Mr. Turner's, and so back again, and dinner being half done I went in to my Lady, where my Lady Wright was at dinner with her, and all our talk about the great happiness that my Lady Wright says there is in being in the fashion and in variety of fashions, in scorn of others that are not so, as citizens' wives and country gentlewomen, which though it did displease me enough, yet I said nothing to it.
Evelyn's Diary. 03 Dec 1661. By universal suffrage of our philosophic assembly, an order was made and registered that I should receive their public thanks for the honorable mention I made of them by the name of Royal Society, in my Epistle dedicatory to the Lord Chancellor (age 52), before my Traduction of Naudæus. Too great an honor for a trifle.
Pepy's Diary. 03 Dec 1663. This day Sir G. Carteret (age 53) did tell us at the table, that the Navy (excepting what is due to the Yards upon the quarter now going on, and what few bills he hath not heard of) is quite out of debt; which is extraordinary good newes, and upon the 'Change [Map] to hear how our creditt goes as good as any merchant's upon the 'Change [Map] is a joyfull thing to consider, which God continue! I am sure the King (age 33) will have the benefit of it, as well as we some peace and creditt.
Pepy's Diary. 03 Dec 1664. Up, and at the office all the morning, and at noon to Mr. Cutler's, and there dined with Sir W. Rider and him, and thence Sir W. Rider and I by coach to White Hall to a Committee of the Fishery; there only to hear Edward Ford's (age 59) proposal about farthings, wherein, O God! to see almost every body interested for him; only my Lord Annesly (age 43), who is a grave, serious man. My Lord Barkeley (age 62) was there, but is the most hot, fiery man in discourse, without any cause, that ever I saw, even to breach of civility to my Lord Anglesey (age 50), in his discourse opposing to my Lord's. At last, though without much satisfaction to me, it was voted that it should be requested of the King (age 34), and that Edward Ford's (age 59) proposal is the best yet made.
Pepy's Diary. 03 Dec 1665. It being Lord's day, up and dressed and to church, thinking to have sat with Sir James Bunce to hear his daughter and her husband sing, that are so much commended, but was prevented by being invited into Coll. Cleggatt's pew. However, there I sat, near Mr. Laneare, with whom I spoke, and in sight, by chance, and very near my fat brown beauty of our Parish, the rich merchant's lady, a very noble woman, and Madame Pierce. A good sermon of Mr. Plume's (age 35), and so to Captain Cocke's (age 48), and there dined with him, and Colonell Wyndham, a worthy gentleman, whose wife was nurse to the present King, and one that while she lived governed him and every thing else, as Cocke (age 48) says, as a minister of state; the old King putting mighty weight and trust upon her. They talked much of matters of State and persons, and particularly how my Lord Barkeley (age 63) hath all along been a fortunate, though a passionate and but weak man as to policy; but as a kinsman brought in and promoted by my Lord of St. Alban's (age 60), and one that is the greatest vapourer in the world, this Colonell Wyndham says; and one to whom only, with Jacke Asheburnel (age 62) and Colonel Legg, the King's removal to the Isle of Wight from Hampton Court [Map] was communicated; and (though betrayed by their knavery, or at best by their ignorance, insomuch that they have all solemnly charged one another with their failures therein, and have been at daggers-drawing publickly about it), yet now none greater friends in the world.
Pepy's Diary. 03 Dec 1665. We dined, and in comes Mrs. Owen, a kinswoman of my Lord Bruncker's (age 45), about getting a man discharged, which I did for her, and by and by Mrs. Pierce to speake with me (and Mary my wife's late maid, now gone to her) about her husband's business of money, and she tells us how she prevented Captain Fisher the other day in his purchase of all her husband's fine goods, as pearls and silks, that he had seized in an Apothecary's house, a friend of theirs, but she got in and broke them open and removed all before Captain Fisher came the next day to fetch them away, at which he is starke mad.
Pepy's Diary. 03 Dec 1666. Up, and, among a great many people that come to speak with me, one was my Lord Peterborough's (age 45) gentleman, who comes to me to dun me to get some money advanced for my Lord; and I demanding what newes, he tells me that at Court they begin to fear the business of Scotland more and more; and that the Duke of York (age 33) intends to go to the North to raise an army, and that the King (age 36) would have some of the Nobility and others to go and assist; but they were so served the last year, among others his Lord, in raising forces at their own charge, for fear of the French invading us, that they will not be got out now, without money advanced to them by the King (age 36), and this is like to be the King's case for certain, if ever he comes to have need of any army. He and others gone, I by water to Westminster, and there to the Exchequer, and put my tallys in a way of doing for the last quarter. But my not following it the last week has occasioned the clerks some trouble, which I am sorry for, and they are mad at.
On 03 Dec 1666 James Stewart 1st Duke Cambridge (age 3) was created 1st Duke Cambridge by King James II of England Scotland and Ireland (age 33). See Samuel Pepys' Diary 1666 December 06.
Those present included King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland (age 36), King James II of England Scotland and Ireland (age 33), Prince Rupert Palatinate Simmern 1st Duke Cumberland (age 46), William Cecil 2nd Earl Salisbury (age 75), George Monck 1st Duke Albemarle (age 57), Thomas Howard 1st Earl Berkshire (age 79), Charles Stewart 6th Duke Lennox 3rd Duke Richmond (age 27), Edward Montagu 2nd Earl Manchester (age 64), James Scott 1st Duke Monmouth 1st Duke Buccleuch (age 17).
Pepy's Diary. 03 Dec 1666. So to bed, and with more cheerfulness than I have done a good while, to hear that for certain the Scott rebells are all routed; they having been so bold as to come within three miles of Edinburgh, and there given two or three repulses to the King's forces, but at last were mastered. Three or four hundred killed or taken, among which their leader, one Wallis, and seven ministers, they having all taken the Covenant a few days before, and sworn to live and die in it, as they did; and so all is likely to be there quiet again. There is also the very good newes come of four New-England ships come home safe to Falmouth, Cornwall with masts for the King (age 36); which is a blessing mighty unexpected, and without which, if for nothing else, we must have failed the next year. But God be praised for thus much good fortune, and send us the continuance of his favour in other things! So to bed.
Pepy's Diary. 03 Dec 1666. Thence at noon home, and there find Kate Joyce, who dined with me: Her husband and she are weary of their new life of being an Innkeeper, and will leave it, and would fain get some office; but I know none the foole is fit for, but would be glad to help them, if I could, though they have enough to live on, God be thanked! though their loss hath been to the value of £3000 W. Joyce now has all the trade, she says, the trade being come to that end of the towne. She dined with me, my wife being ill of her months in bed. I left her with my wife, and away myself to Westminster Hall [Map] by appointment and there found out Burroughs, and I took her by coach as far as the Lord Treasurer's (age 59) and called at the cake house by Hales's (age 66), and there in the coach eat and drank and then carried her home.... So having set her down in the palace I to the Swan [Map], and there did the first time 'baiser' the little sister of Sarah that is come into her place, and so away by coach home, where to my vyall and supper and then to bed, being weary of the following of my pleasure and sorry for my omitting (though with a true salvo to my vowes) the stating my last month's accounts in time, as I should, but resolve to settle, and clear all my business before me this month, that I may begin afresh the next yeare, and enjoy some little pleasure freely at Christmasse.
Pepy's Diary. 03 Dec 1667. At noon home to dinner, and busy all the afternoon, and at night home, and there met W. Batelier, who tells me the first great news that my Chancellor (age 58) is fled this day.
Pepy's Diary. 03 Dec 1667. Up, by candlelight, the only time I think I have done so this winter, and a coach being got over night, I to Sir W. Coventry's (age 39), the first time I have seen him at his new house since he come to lodge there. He tells me of the vote for none of the House to be of the Commission for the Bill of Accounts; which he thinks is so great a disappointment to Birch (age 52) and others that expected to be of it, that he thinks, could it have been [fore]seen, there would not have been any Bill at all. We hope it will be the better for all that are to account; it being likely that the men, being few, and not of the House, will hear reason. The main business I went about was about. Gilsthrop, Sir W. Batten's clerk; who, being upon his death-bed, and now dead, hath offered to make discoveries of the disorders of the Navy and of £65,000 damage to the King (age 37): which made mighty noise in the Commons' House; and members appointed to go to him, which they did; but nothing to the purpose got from him, but complaints of false musters, and ships being refitted with victuals and stores at Plymouth, Devon [Map], after they come fitted from other ports; but all this to no purpose, nor more than we know, and will owne. But the best is, that this loggerhead should say this, that understands nothing of the Navy, nor ever would; and hath particularly blemished his master by name among us. I told Sir W. Coventry (age 39) of my letter to Sir R. Brookes (age 30), and his answer to me. He advises me, in what I write to him, to be as short as I can, and obscure, saving in things fully plain; for all that he do is to make mischief; and that the greatest wisdom in dealing with the Parliament in the world is to say little, and let them get out what they can by force: which I shall observe. He declared to me much of his mind to be ruled by his own measures, and not to go so far as many would have him to the ruin of my Chancellor (age 58), and for which they do endeavour to do what they can against Sir W. Coventry (age 39). "But", says he, "I have done my do in helping to get him out of the administration of things, for which he is not fit; but for his life or estate I will have nothing to say to it: besides that, my duty to my master the Duke of York (age 34) is such, that I will perish before I will do any thing to displease or disoblige him, where the very necessity of the Kingdom do not in my judgment call me". Thence I home and to the office, where my Lord Anglesey (age 53), and all the discourse was yesterday's vote in the Commons, wherein he told us that, should the Lords yield to what the Commons would have in this matter, it were to make them worse than any justice of Peace (whereas they are the highest Court in the Kingdom) that they cannot be judges whether an offender be to be committed or bailed, which every justice of Peace do do, and then he showed me precedents plain in their defence.
Pepy's Diary. 03 Dec 1667. By and by to Sir W. Pen's (age 46), where Sir R. Ford (age 53) and he and I met, with Mr. Young and Lewes, about our accounts with my Lady Batten, which prove troublesome, and I doubt will prove to our loss. But here I hear the whole that my Chancellor (age 58) is gone, and left a paper behind him for the House of Lords, telling them the reason of him retiring, complaining of a design for his ruin. But the paper I must get: only the thing at present is great, and will put the King (age 37) and Commons to some new counsels certainly.
Pepy's Diary. 03 Dec 1668. Up betimes, and by water with W. Hewer (age 26) to White Hall, and there to Mr. Wren (age 39), who gives me but small hopes of the favour I hoped for Mr. Steventon, Will's uncle, of having leave, being upon the point of death, to surrender his place, which do trouble me, but I will do what I can. So back again to the Office, Sir Jer. Smith with me; who is a silly, prating, talking man; but he tells me what he hears, that Holmes and Spragg now rule all with the Duke of Buckingham (age 40), as to seabusiness, and will be great men: but he do prophesy what will be the fruit of it; so I do.
Evelyn's Diary. 15 Nov 1678. The Queen's (age 39) birthday. I never saw the Court more brave, nor the nation in more apprehension and consternation. Coleman (age 42) and one Staly had now been tried, condemned, and executed. On this, Oates grew so presumptuous as to accuse the Queen (age 39) of intending to poison the King (age 48); which certainly that pious and virtuous lady abhorred the thoughts of, and Oates's circumstances made it utterly unlikely in my opinion. He probably thought to gratify some who would have been glad his Majesty (age 48) should have married a fruitful lady; but the King (age 48) was too kind a husband to let any of these make impression on him. However, divers of the Popish peers were sent to the Tower of London [Map], accused by Oates; and all the Roman Catholic lords were by a new Act forever excluded the Parliament; which was a mighty blow. the King's (age 48), Queen's, and Duke's servants, were banished, and a test to be taken by everybody who pretended to enjoy any office of public trust, and who would not be suspected of Popery. I went with Sir William Godolphin (age 38), a member of the Commons' House, to the Bishop of Ely (Dr. Peter Gunning (age 64)), to be resolved whether masses were idolatry, as the text expressed it, which was so worded, that several good Protestants scrupled, and Sir William, though a learned man and excellent divine himself, had some doubts about it. The Bishop's opinion was that he might take it, though he wished it had been otherwise worded in the text.
On 03 Dec 1678 Edward Coleman (age 42) was hanged, drawn and quartered on a charge of treason having been implicated by Titus Oates (age 29).
Evelyn's Diary. 03 Dec 1680. The depositions of my Lord's (age 66) witnesses were taken, to invalidate the King's (age 50) witnesses; they were very slight persons, but, being fifteen or sixteen, they took up all that day, and in truth they rather did my Lord more injury than service.
Evelyn's Diary. 03 Dec 1693. Mr. Bentley preached at the Tabernacle, near Golden Square. I gave my voice for him to proceed on his former subject the following year in Mr. Boyle's lecture, in which he had been interrupted by the importunity of Sir J. Rotheram that the Bishop of Chichester (age 59) might be chosen the year before, to the great dissatisfaction of the Bishop of Lincoln (age 57) and myself. We chose Mr. Bentley again. The Duchess of Grafton's (age 25) appeal to the House of Lords for the Prothonotary's place given to the late Duke and to her son by King Charles II, now challenged by the Lord Chief Justice. The judges were severely reproved on something they said.
On 03 Dec 1705 Roger Gale (age 32) was elected MP Northallerton in a by-election which seat he held until 1713 when his he didn't stand.
On 03 Dec 1731 Jane Grey Benson (age 47) died. Monument in St Mary's Church, Fawsley [Map].
Jane Grey Benson: After 1651 Lucius Knightley and she were married. The difference in their ages was 33 years. In 1684 she was born to Henry Benson of Dodford and Elizabeth Grey.
On 03 Dec 1749 Charles Henry Sloane 2nd Earl Cadogan was baptised at St George's Church, Hanover Square.
Greville Memoirs. 03 Dec 1831. Wharncliffe (age 55) showed me his correspondence with the Duke of Wellington on this negotiation. They differed greatly, but amicably enough, though I take it he was not very well pleased with Wharncliffe's (age 55) last letter, in which he distinctly told the Duke that his speech on the Address, and declaration against any Reform, was what overthrew his Government. This he never will admit, and, passing over the proximate cause, always refers his fall to (what was certainly the remote cause) the Catholic question—that is, to the breaking up of the Tory party which followed it, and the union of the old Tories with the Whigs and Radicals on purpose to turn him out. In this correspondence Wharncliffe (age 55) has much the best of it, and I was surprised to find with what tenacity the Duke clings to his cherished prejudices, and how he shuts his eyes to the signs of the times and the real state of the country. With the point at issue he never would grapple. Wharncliffe (age 55) argued for concession, because they have not the means of resistance, and that they are in fact at the mercy of their opponents. The Duke admitted the force against them, but thought it would be possible to govern the country without Reform 'if the King was not against them'—an important increment of his conditions; there is no doubt that 'the King's name is a tower of strength, which they upon the adverse faction want'—and he continued through all his letters arguing the question on its abstract merits, and repeating the topic that had been over and over again urged, but without reference to the actual state of things and the means of resistance. It seems, however, pretty clear that he will oppose this Bill just as he did the last, and he will probably have a great many followers; but the party is broken up, for Wharncliffe (age 55) and Harrowby will vote for the second reading; the bishops will generally go with them, and probably a sufficient number of Peers. If Lord Grey can see a reasonable chance of carrying the Bill without making Peers, there can be very little doubt he will put off that resource till the last moment.
On 03 Dec 1838 Princess Louise of Prussia was born to William I King Prussia (age 41).
On 03 Dec 1839 Frederick VI King Denmark and Norway (age 71) died.
On 03 Dec 1849 Marie Hanover was born to George V King Hanover (age 30) and Marie Saxe Altenburg Queen Consort Hanover. She a great granddaughter of King George III of Great Britain and Ireland.
On 03 Dec 1915 Algernon Hanbury-Tracy (age 44) died from wounds. He was buried at the Church of St Peter Petersham, Surrey. The inscription on his grave reads: "Sacred to the memory of Algernon Henry Charles Hanbury-Tracy CMG. Major Royal Horse Guards 2nd son of the 4th Baron Sudely and grandson of the Honorable Frederick Tollemache. Died Dec 3 1915 aged 44 years. Served his country with distinction in East Africa 1897-1899, South Africa 1899-1900, Somaliland 1901."
On 03 Dec 1918 John Percival Bishop (age 84) died. Monument sculpted by Allan Gairdner Wyon (age 36) in the Choir of Hereford Cathedral [Map].
John Percival Bishop: On 27 Sep 1834 he was born in Brough Sowerby Kirkby Stephen. In Jan 1895 John Percival Bishop was elected Bishop of Hereford by Archibald Philip Primrose 5th Earl Rosebery 1st Earl Midlothian.
03 Dec 1955. Nature. Obituaries. Source
Mr. Alexander Keiller.
ALEXANDER KEILLER, who died at the end of September at the age of sixty-five, was one of the long line of distinguished amateur British archæologists which goes back to Aubrey and Stukeley. Of these perhaps the greatest was Pitt-Rivers, on whom Keiller, like him with leisure and abundant means at his disposal, admittedly modelled his own work.
While still in his early thirties, Keiller carried out a systematic survey of stone circles and allied morm ments in north-east Scotland, making accurate plans and detailed descriptions of each site. A summary account of this work was presented as a paper to the British Association at its Aberdeen meeting in 1934.
In 1925, however, he embarked on the programme of excavation and field-work with which his name will be inseparably associated. He acquired and began excavations on Windmill Hill, near Avebury in north Wiltshire, and continued these annually until 1929, revealing in detail the first extensive Neolithic settlement to be explored in Britain. The material was housed in a museum in his London house, where it was at the disposal of students, and as a result the earliest Neolithic culture of southern Britain, taking its name from the type-site, was defined and clarified.
From Windmill Hill to tho Avebury monuments themselves was an inevitable step, and in 1933 Keiller began a systematic excavation programme with the oxarnination of the northern part of the West Kennet Circle itself. Avenue, continuing until 1938 within the Great Circle itself. He moved his residence to Avebury Manor, and re-housed his museum within its grounds, making it and the excavated portions of the monument available to the public. He adopted a policy of imaginative but judicious conservation and, restoration of the Avebury monuments, and system atically purchased land to preserve these and their surroundings; as a result it was eventually possible for the whole area to be acquired by the National Trust and the Ancient Monuments Department of the Ministry of Works.
Keiller's outstanding contribution to contemporary British archreology was his insistence on high standards of discipline and accuracy in excavation and field-work, and his realization from the first of the value of scientific techniques as applied to archreo logical material. He early appreciated the potential ities of air photography, collaborating with Crawford in the "Wessex from the Air'' survey, and even discussing with Eckener the possibility of using the Graf Zeppelin for a similar but even more ambitious scheme. At Windmill Hill he insisted on a full study of the faunal and floral remains in their archreological context. But above all it is to Keiller that we owe the inception of the systematic study of British prehistoric stone artefacts by petrographical means, which, following his lead, is now yielding information of the highest importance on manufacture and trade in the early second millennium B.C. Alec Keiller was an enthusiast in the best sense; full of ideas, stimulating and highly individual. Archæology, like other academic disciplines, can only benefit from the impact of such men.
STUART PIGGOTT (age 45)
Births on the 3rd December
On 03 Dec 1368 Charles "Beloved Mad" VI King France was born to King Charles V of France (age 30) and Joanna Bourbon Queen Consort France (age 30). Coefficient of inbreeding 3.59%.
On 03 Dec 1382 Robert Poynings 4th Baron Poynings was born to Richard Poynings 3rd Baron Poynings (age 23) and Isabel Grey Baroness Poynings at Okeford Fitzpaine, Dorset.
On 03 Dec 1572 Edward Fitton 1st Baronet was born to Edward Fitton (age 24) and Alice Holcroft (age 32).
On 03 Dec 1595 Henry Ley 2nd Earl of Marlborough was born to James Ley 1st Earl of Marlborough (age 43) and Mary Pettie.
Before 03 Dec 1627 Thomas Bisshopp 3rd Baronet was born to Edward Bisshopp 2nd Baronet (age 25) and Mary Tufton (age 20).
On 03 Dec 1674 Elizabeth Cromwell was born to Vere Essex Cromwell 4th Earl Ardglass (age 49).
On 03 Dec 1704 John Lee was born to Edward Lee 1st Earl Lichfield (age 41) and Charlotte Fitzroy Countess Lichfield (age 40). He a grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland.
On 03 Dec 1718 Webb Seymour 10th Duke of Somerset was born to Edward Seymour 8th Duke of Somerset (age 23) and Mary Webb Duchess Somerset (age 21).
On 03 Dec 1744 Brownlow Cust 1st Baron Brownlow was born to John Cust 3rd Baronet (age 26) and Etheldreda Payne Lady Cust (age 24).
On 03 Dec 1745 John Toler 1st Earl of Norbury was born to Daniel Toler and Letitia Otway at Beechwood, Nenagh.
On 03 Dec 1755 Gilbert Stuart was born.
On 03 Dec 1771 Henry Augustus Seymour was born illegitimately to Francis Ingram Seymour-Conway 2nd Marquess Hertford (age 28). He a great x 3 grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland.
On 03 Dec 1772 John Osborn 5th Baronet was born to George Osborn 4th Baronet (age 30) and Elizabeth Bannister (age 26).
On 03 Dec 1778 Louisa Martha Stratford was born to John Stratford 3rd Earl Aldborough (age 38) and Elizabeth Hamilton Countess Aldborough (age 21).
On 03 Dec 1782 Henry William Pickersgill was born.
On 03 Dec 1794 Charles Spencer-Churchill was born to George Spencer-Churchill 5th Duke of Marlborough (age 28) and Susan Stewart Duchess of Marlborough (age 27).
On 03 Dec 1813 Charles Pelham Pelham-Clinton was born to Henry Pelham-Clinton 4th Duke Newcastle-under-Lyme (age 28) and Georgiana Elizabeth Miller Mundy Duchess Newcastle under Lyne (age 24).
On 03 Dec 1817 Gwendoline Catherine Talbot was born to John "Good Earl" Talbot 16th Earl of Shrewsbury (age 26) and Maria Theresa Talbot Countess Shrewsbury and Waterford at Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.
On 03 Dec 1820 John Duke Coleridge 1st Baron Coleridge was born to John Taylor Coleridge (age 30) and Mary Buchanan (age 32).
On 03 Dec 1824 George William Fermor 5th Earl Pomfret was born to Thomas Fermor 4th Earl Pomfret (age 54).
On 03 Dec 1830 Frederick Leighton was born to Dr Frederic Septimus Leighton (age 31) at Scarborough, North Yorkshire [Map].
On 03 Dec 1833 John Aird 1st Baronet was born to John Aird Mason (age 27).
On 03 Dec 1838 Princess Louise of Prussia was born to William I King Prussia (age 41).
On 03 Dec 1838 Edward Henry Gervase Stracey 6th Baronet was born to Henry Josias Stracey 5th Baronet (age 36).
On 03 Dec 1849 Marie Hanover was born to George V King Hanover (age 30) and Marie Saxe Altenburg Queen Consort Hanover. She a great granddaughter of King George III of Great Britain and Ireland.
On 03 Dec 1859 Ronald Jervis 6th Viscount St Vincent was born to Carnegie Jervis 3rd Viscount St Vincent (age 34).
On 03 Dec 1863 Dudley McGarel-Hogg 3rd Baron Magheramorne was born to James McGarel-Hogg 1st Baron Magheramorne (age 40) and Caroline Elizabeth Emma Douglas-Pennant.
On 03 Dec 1865 Maurice Colborne Boileau 3rd Baronet was born to Francis George Manningham Boileau 2nd Baronet (age 35) and Lucy Henrietta Nugent Lady Boileau.
On 03 Dec 1878 Edith Chaplin Marchioness Londonderry was born to Henry Chaplin 1st Viscount Chaplin (age 37) and Florence Sutherland Leveson-Gower (age 23).
On 03 Dec 1883 Claud Lambton was born to Frederick Lambton 4th Earl Durham (age 28) and Beatrix Bulteel Countess Durham (age 24). Coefficient of inbreeding 1.57%.
On 03 Dec 1888 Dorothy Beatrix Godolphin Osborne was born to George Godolphin Osborne 10th Duke Leeds (age 26) and Katherine Frances Lambton Duchess Leeds (age 26).
On 03 Dec 1908 Ismay Hilda Margaret Fitzroy was born to Charles Fitzroy 4th Baron Southampton (age 41) and Hilda Mary Dundas Baroness Southampton (age 36).
On 03 Dec 1925 Robin Plunket 8th Baron Plunket was born to Terence Plunket 6th Baron Plunket (age 26) and Dorothé Mabel Lewis (age 25).
On 03 Dec 1949 Anthony Robert Hugo Gerard 5th Baron Gerard was born to Major Rupert Charles Frederick Gerard.
On 03 Dec 1953 Charles Anthony Assheton Harbord-Hamond 12th Baron Suffield was born to Anthony Philip Harbord-Hamond 11th Baron Suffield (age 31).
Marriages on the 3rd December
After 03 Dec 1329 Gerard Lisle 1st Baron Lisle (age 25) and Eleanor Fitzalan (age 9) were married. She the daughter of Edmund Fitzalan 9th Earl of Arundel and Alice Warenne Countess Arundel. She a great x 5 granddaughter of King John "Lackland" of England.
After 03 Dec 1542 John Plunkett 4th Baron Killeen (age 32) and Ellen Barnewall Baroness Killeen (age 29) were married. She by marriage Baroness Killeen. They were third cousins.
Before 03 Dec 1595 James Ley 1st Earl of Marlborough (age 43) and Mary Pettie were married.
On 03 Dec 1720 William Byron 4th Baron Byron (age 50) and Frances Berkeley Baroness Byron (age 17) were married. She by marriage Baroness Byron of Rochdale in Lancashire. His third marriage. Arranged by her father William Berkeley 4th Baron Berkeley (age 57) who described the age difference as being "disproportionate". The difference in their ages was 33 years.
Before 03 Dec 1772 George Osborn 4th Baronet (age 30) and Elizabeth Bannister (age 26) were married.
On 03 Dec 1779 Thomas Hanmer 2nd Baronet (age 32) and Margaret Kenyon Lady Hanmer were married.
On 03 Dec 1794 Thomas Baring 2nd Baronet (age 22) and Mary Ursula Sealy Lady Baring (age 20) were married in Calcutta, India.
Before 03 Dec 1817 John "Good Earl" Talbot 16th Earl of Shrewsbury (age 26) and Maria Theresa Talbot Countess Shrewsbury and Waterford were married.
On 03 Dec 1827 John Gerard 12th Baronet (age 22) and Monica Strickland-Standish (age 22) were married. She by marriage Lady Gerard of Bryn in Lancashire.
On 03 Dec 1946 Robert George Grosvenor 5th Duke Westminster (age 36) and Viola Maud Lyttelton Duchess Westminster (age 34) were married. They were second cousins.
Deaths on the 3rd December
On 03 Dec 1099 Osmund 1st Earl Dorset died. Earl Dorset extinct.
On 03 Dec 1157 Malfada Savoy Queen Consort Portugal (age 32) died.
On 03 Dec 1352 William Ros 3rd Baron Ros Helmsley (age 23) died. His brother Thomas Ros 4th Baron Ros Helmsley (age 17) succeeded 4th Baron Ros Helmsley and inherited Belvoir Castle [Map]. Beatrice Stafford Countess Desmond (age 11) by marriage Baroness Ros Helmsley.
On 03 Dec 1403 Roger Scrope 2nd Baron Scrope of Bolton (age 34) died at Bolton, Lancashire. His son Richard Scrope 3rd Baron Scrope of Bolton (age 10) succeeded 3rd Baron Scrope of Bolton. Margaret Neville Baroness Scrope Bolton by marriage Baroness Scrope of Bolton.
On 03 Dec 1600 Roger North 2nd Baron North (age 70) died. His grandson Dudley North 3rd Baron North (age 18) succeeded 3rd Baron North.
On 03 Dec 1668 William Cecil 2nd Earl Salisbury (age 77) died. His grandson James Cecil 3rd Earl Salisbury (age 20) succeeded 3rd Earl Salisbury. Margaret Manners Countess of Salisbury by marriage Countess Salisbury.
On 03 Dec 1691 Katherine Boyle Viscountess Ranelagh (age 76) died.
On 03 Dec 1737 Mary Wilbraham Countess Bradford (age 76) died in High Ercall, Shropshire. She was buried in Weston Park, Staffordshire.
On 03 Dec 1749 Charles Carrington Hungate 6th Baronet (age 63) died at Blacksburg, Montgomery County. Baronet Hungate of Saxton in Yorkshire extinct.
On 03 Dec 1800 George de la Poer Beresford 1st Marquess Waterford (age 65) died. His son Henry de la Poer Beresford 2nd Marquess Waterford (age 28) succeeded 2nd Marquess Waterford.
On 03 Dec 1831 Carnaby Haggerston 5th Baronet (age 75) died. His nephew Thomas Haggerston 6th Baronet (age 46) succeeded 6th Baronet Haggerston of Haggerston Castle in Northumberland.
On 03 Dec 1833 Pownoll Bastard Pellew 2nd Viscount Exmouth (age 47) died. His son Edward Pellew 3rd Viscount Exmouth (age 22) succeeded 3rd Viscount Exmouth, 3rd Baron Exmouth of Canonteign, 3rd Baronet Pellew of Treverry in Cornwall.
On 03 Dec 1837 Charles Douglas 6th Marquess Queensberry (age 60) died. His brother John Douglas 7th Marquess Queensberry (age 58) succeeded 7th Marquess Queensberry, 9th Earl Queensberry, 8th Lord Douglas Hawick, 6th Lord Drumlanrig, 6th Baronet Kelhead. Sarah Douglas Marchioness Queensbury by marriage Marchioness Queensberry.
On 03 Dec 1839 Frederick VI King Denmark and Norway (age 71) died.
On 03 Dec 1842 Mary Wyndham Countess Munster (age 50) died.
On 03 Dec 1882 Bernhard II Duke of Saxe Meiningen (age 81) died. His son Georg II Duke of Saxe Meiningen (age 56) succeeded II Duke Saxe Meiningen.
On 03 Dec 1883 Matthew Blakiston 4th Baronet (age 72) died unmarried at Sandybrook Cottage, Ashbourne. His nephew Horace Neville Blakiston 5th Baronet (age 22) succeeded 5th Baronet Blakiston of the City of London.
On 03 Dec 1890 Thomas Fremantle 1st Baron Cottesloe (age 92) died. His son Thomas Fremantle 2nd Baron Cottesloe (age 60) succeeded 2nd Baron Cottesloe of Swanbourne and Hardwick in Buckinghamshire, 2nd Baronet Fremantle of Swanborne in Buckinghamshire. Augusta Scott by marriage Augusta Henrietta Scott Baroness Cottesloe.
On 03 Dec 1891 William Harry Hay 19th Earl Erroll (age 68) died. His son Charles Hay 20th Earl of Erroll (age 39) succeeded 20th Earl Erroll. Mary Caroline L'Estrange Countess of Erroll by marriage Countess Erroll.
On 03 Dec 1898 David Stuart Erskine 13th Earl of Buchan (age 83) died. His son Shipley Gordon Stuart Erskine 14th Earl Buchan (age 48) succeeded 14th Earl Buchan.
On 03 Dec 1901 George Bannerman 10th Baronet (age 74) died. His son Alexander Bannerman 11th Baronet (age 29) succeeded 11th Baronet Bannerman of Elsick in Kincardineshire.
On 03 Dec 1918 John Percival Bishop (age 84) died. Monument sculpted by Allan Gairdner Wyon (age 36) in the Choir of Hereford Cathedral [Map].
John Percival Bishop: On 27 Sep 1834 he was born in Brough Sowerby Kirkby Stephen. In Jan 1895 John Percival Bishop was elected Bishop of Hereford by Archibald Philip Primrose 5th Earl Rosebery 1st Earl Midlothian.
On 03 Dec 1919 Thomas Grey 6th Baron Walsingham (age 76) died. His half brother John Augustus Grey 7th Baron Walsingham (age 70) succeeded 7th Baron Walsingham of Walsingham in Norfolk.
On 03 Dec 1939 Princess Louise Caroline Alberta Windsor Duchess Argyll (age 91) died.
On 03 Dec 1966 Edward Knollys 2nd Viscount Knollys (age 71) died. His son David Knollys 3rd Viscount Knollys (age 35) succeeded 3rd Viscount Knollys of Caversham in Oxfordshire, 3rd Baron Knollys of Caversham in Oxfordshire.
On 03 Dec 1980 Oswald Mosley 6th Baronet (age 84) died. His son Nicholas Mosley 3rd Baron Ravensdale (age 57) succeeded 7th Baronet Mosley of Ancoats.
On 03 Dec 2012 Geoffrey Adam Shakerley 6th Baronet (age 79) died. His son Nicholas Shakerley 7th Baronet (age 48) succeeded 7th Baronet Shakerley of Somerford-Park in Cheshire.