On this Day in History ... 4th July

04 Jul is in July.

1187 Battle of Hattin

1360 Release of King John II of France

1450 Jack Cade's Rebellion

1528 Sweating Sickness Outbreak

1535 Execution of Bishop Fisher and Thomas More

1551 Sweating Sickness Outbreak

1660 July Creation of Peerages

1663 Battle of Ameixial

1666 Four Days' Battle

See Births, Marriages and Deaths.

Events on the 4th July

On 04 Jul 673 King Ecgberht I of Kent died. His son King Eadric of Kent succeeded King of Kent.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 1060. This year was a great earthquake on the Translation of St. Martin, and King Henry (age 52) died in France. Kinsey, Archbishop of York, died on the eleventh before the calends of January; and he lies at Peterboorugh [Map]. Bishop Aldred succeeded to the see, and Walter to that of Herefordshire. Dudoc also died, who was Bishop of Somersetshire; and Gisa the priest was appointed in his stead.

On 04 Jul 1187 the Battle of Hattin took place on 4 July 1187, between the Crusader states of the Levant and the forces of the Ayyubid sultan Saladin. The Muslim armies under captured or killed the majority of the Crusader forces resulting in the Muslims once again becoming the pre-eminent military power in the Holy Land, re-capturing Jerusalem and most of the other Crusader-held cities and castles.

On 04 Jul 1336 Elisabeth Barcelona Queen Consort Portugal (age 65) died.

On 30 Jun 1360 King John "The Good" II of France (age 41) left the Tower of London [Map] and proceeded to Eltham Palace, Kent [Map] where Queen Philippa (age 46) had prepared a great farewell entertainment. Passing the night at Dartford, Kent [Map], he continued towards Dover, Kent [Map], stopping at the Maison Dieu of St Mary at Ospringe, and paying homage at the shrine of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury [Map] on 04 Jul 1360. He dined with the Black Prince (age 30) at Dover Castle [Map], and reached English-held Calais [Map] on 08 Jul 1360.

Chronicle of Gregory 1450. 04 Jul 1450. Ande in the morne he come yn a-gayne, that sory and sympylle and rebellyus captayne why the his mayny; that was Satyrday, and it was also a Synt Martyn is day1, the dedycacyon of Synt Martynys in the Vyntry [Map], the iiij day of Juylle. And thenne dyvers questys were i-sompnyd at the Gylhalle [Map]; and ther Robert Home beynge alderman was a-restydeand brought in to Newegate. And that same day Wylliam Crowemere (age 34), squyer, and Scheryffe of Kentt, was be-heddyde in the fylde whythe out Algate at the mylys ende be-syde Clopton is Place. And a nothyr man that was namyde John Bayle was be-heddyd at the Whytte Chapylle. And the same day aftyr-non was be-heddyd in Cheppe a-fore the Standard [Map], Syr Jamys Fynes (age 55), beyng that tyme the lord Saye and Grrette Treserer of Ingelonde, the whyche was brought oute of the Toure of London [Map] unto the Gylde Halle [Map], and there of dyvers tresons he was exampnyd, of whyche he knowlachyd of the dethe of that notabylle and famos prynce the Duke of Glouceter. And thenne they brought him unto the Standard in Cheppe [Map], and there he ressayvyd his jewys and his dethe. And so forthe alle the iij [3] heddys that day smetyn of were sette uppon the Brygge of London [Map], and the ij othyr heddys takyn downe that stode a-pon the London Brygge by-fore. And at the comyng of the camptayne yn to Sowtheworke, he lete smyte of the hedde of a strong theff that was namyd Haywardyn.

Note 1. The Translation of St. Martin of Tours.

On 04 Jul 1450 ...

James Fiennes 1st Baron Saye and Sele (age 55) was beheaded at the Standard in Cheapside [Map]. His son William Fiennes 2nd Baron Saye and Sele (age 22) succeeded 2nd Baron Saye and Sele.

His son in law William Cromer (age 34) was beheaded.

Ellis' Letters S1 V1 Letter LV. Sir Thomas Boleyn (age 42) to King Henry the Eighth (age 28), announcing the Election of the Emperor Charles the Fifth. 04 Jul 1519.

[MS. COTTON. CALIG. D. vii. fol. 140. Orig.]

Pleasith yt your Grace to understand that the first day of this moneth I wrote my last Lettres to your Grace, and as yet the King is nat retomed from Melun, there as he hath been almost thes fortenyght a huntyng. But hither is come Lettres with great dylygence to the King Catholiques Ambassadour from Frankford, and from my lady of Savoye, specefieng how the King his master the xxviij. day of the last moneth, at x. of the clocke afore noon, by th'assent and hoole voyce of all the Electours was chosen Emperor. And bicause there is yet noo lettres commen out of Almayn to the King nor my Lady here of this matier my Lady marvayleth moch, and sayth she feryth that Monsr. L'admiral is letted or evyll intreatyd bicause she hath no word from hym, or elles their Post with lettres is taken or stopped by the way. Neverthelesse my Lady sayth yf this be trew seyng the King her sonne may nat be Emperor she is ryght glad that the King Catholique is chosen. Sayeng that though the Kyng her sonne is nat Emperor, yet it is a comfort to her that the King her sonnes son in lawe is Emperor. How be it the trouth is that both the King and my Lady, and all this Contre had rather any other had been chosen Emperor than the King Catholique. My Lady tellyth me that she is assured it hath cost hym a greyt good to atteyn to this Empire; in so moch she sayth she knoweth for a trouth oon of the Electours hath had of hym two hundreth thowsand crownes, and namyng hym of Coloigne. She sayth also that the Electours amongs them all hath not had of the King her sonne past a hundreth thowsand Crownes, and moch she ma ... and fereth lest the Admirall be nat well, and sayth that the Letter that she had from hym was wrytten the xx vj. day of the last moneth, wherein by his wryting he had as great trust that the King here shuld be Emperor as ever he had. And now Monsr. le Bastard and they of the Counsell here say yt is a good torne for the King here, and a great weale for his reaulme that he is not Emperor, for they say yf he had been it shuld have putt hym to an infante busyness, and impoverychyd and undoone his subgietts. Here is also of late a new Ordenaunce made by the King and his Counsell, and gyven to all them that have any horses for Posts or Currorsa, both here at the Cort and at Parys, that payn of their lyves they delyver no horse nor horses to any man, ambassador or other, except at the Court he have a bill from Robertet in Parys from the first President there. I have been, too, assuryd by my Lady that this is nat doon for any Lett of L .... that goyth in to England, but as farre as I can knowe that resortyth in and owt of Spayn, and my lady hath . . whan so ever I woll depeche any lettres by Post. I shall stre . a Bill of Robertett and of the first President of Parys . . whan I woll.

Besechyng the holy Trinite long to preserve your Grace from Poyssy this iiij th day of July.

Yours

T ....

Note a. Couriers.

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Letters and Papers 1528. 04 Jul 1528. R. O. 4464. Clerk And Taylor To Wolsey.

Wrote on the 1st. Hear that the lanceknights have not gone to Genoa, but are at Lodi. The King is hunting at Fontainebleau, and will stay there all this month. My Lady is at St. Germain's; the Council at Paris. Much rain has fallen, and destroyed the corn and the vines. It is to be feared that a universal decay and dearth will prevail through the whole of France. We are told the plague is very bad in England. Paris, 4 July. Signed.

On 04 Jul 1530 King Francis I of France (age 35) and Eleanor of Austria Queen Consort France Queen Consort Portugal (age 31) were married. She by marriage Queen Consort of France. She the daughter of Philip "Handsome Fair" King Castile and Joanna "The Mad" Trastámara Queen Castile (age 51). He the son of Charles Valois Orléans Count Angoulême and Louise of Savoy Countess Angoulême (age 53). They were second cousin once removed. She a great x 4 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.

Wriothesley's Chronicle 1530-1539. 04 Jul 1533. This yeare, in Julie, on a Fridaie, one Frith (age 30), a servingman, a great clearke in the Greeke and Latten tonge, was brent in Smithfielde [Map], and a tailor of London with him, for heresie.b

Note b. John Frith (age 30) and Andrew Hewit, both Protestants; the former, a yonng man of learning and piety, was condemned for his book against the doctrine of Purgatory and his opinions on Transabstantiation.

Letters and Papers 1535. 04 Jul 1535. 985. Francis has spoken of it like a Christian and a virtuous prince, expressing his great grief, and that he knows that the King is given up to perdition, and no good can be expected of him, so that he sees clearly he cannot have friendship with him, since he sets himself in this way against the honor of God and the Church. He is not ashamed to ask him to consider as null the sentence given against him, to hinder the Council with all his power, and to consider as bad or null any new sentence of the Holy See against him. Francis sees from this that he fears the Council wonderfully, and that his errors and his determination to remain in them have made him so timid and he has gone so far that similar results may be expected every day. He says he did all that was possible for Fisher's safety; which the Bishop knows to be true. The like was done by Du Bellay (age 43) and the Admiral, who said, in Italian, that the King's conduct to Fisher was the most cowardly, infamous, and grievous thing that had ever been done in the world. The other lords of the Court have spoken in the same strain, without restraint. They appear to care little for the friendship of England, seeing it is so alienated from the Holy See, for the preservation of which Francis says he will spend his life if necessary. Thanked him for his good will, congratulating him that God had not permitted him to come to an understanding at Calais. Hoped that his Holiness would be able to direct the wished-for expedition against the Turk, and avenge himself on the king of England. He complained also of the English sympathy with the Lutherans. The Admiral, when at Calais, replied to Englishmen, who commiserated their treatment in France, that in France they made confessors, but in England they made many martyrs. The king of England has tried to prevent the Lutherans from recognising the Pope as the Head of the Church, which they had determined to do through the medium of France.

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Letters and Papers 1535. 04 Jul 1535. 985. Francis also spoke three days ago of the new Queen of England (age 34), how little virtuously she has always lived and now lives, and how she and her brother (age 32) and adherents suspect the Duke of Norfolk (age 62) of wishing to make his son King, and marry him to the King's legitimate daughter, though they are near relations. It seems to him there can be little friendship between the two kingdoms.

The King spoke of the marriage of the king of Scotland with the duke of Vendome's daughter as certain, but said the king of England was displeased at it, and now would wish to give him his eldest daughter. His inconstancy was incredible. Sends the copy of a proclamation issued in England.

Ital., pp. 11, modern copy. Headed; Al S. Mons. Ambrogio, ali 4 di Luglio, data alla Fiera.

Letters and Papers 1535. 04 Jul 1535. Add. MS. 8,715, f. 84b, B. M. 985. Bishop of Faenza to M. Ambrosio.

Wrote from Amiens on the 25th about the fears for Fisher (deceased). The King's impiety has gone so far that on the 22nd ult. he had him beheaded publicly at the Tower, and his body left there all day for a public show. Hears that "Gramuel" went to him in prison, and told him that the bishop of Rome had created him one of his companions, and the King had sent him to know what was his opinion about it. He replied that honor was not in his thoughts now, and he thought only of the mercy of God, whose his soul was, though his body was in the King's power, who could do what he liked with it, but he would not change his opinion, believing that it was right. "Gramuel" then announced to him the day of his death. He was conducted on a mule, wearing a black cloth vest and cap tied under his chin, to the square (piazza), where he had to wait for an hour because the scaffold was not in order. And although, as the Admiral says, from age and suffering he was more like a shadow than a man, he spoke to the people boldly, telling them to be loving and obedient to their King, who was good by nature, but had been deceived in this matter; that he was led to death for wishing to preserve the honor of God and the Holy See; at which he did not grieve, but was content, for it was the will of God. Hears now from the English ambassador that he only said, that being of flesh, which naturally feared death, and knowing that Peter three times denied Christ through fear of death, and having always had the mind to die, if necessary, for the love of Christ and his Holy Church, now that he was come to it, he begged all present to pray to God to grant constancy and firmness to his fragile flesh to suffer cheerfully his approaching punishment. The Admiral had heard that he was quartered according to the sentence; but the English ambassador says that he was merely beheaded, "per grandissima gratia ottenuta dal furore infinito in questo di quel Re;" who finally was content that his body should be buried in the evening. The cause of his death is rumoured in England to have been his writing evil of the King to Thomas More (age 57), who was also in prison. And they had caused it to be said to his face by one of his chaplains that he had written to More against the King on a bit of wood with a needle, having neither paper nor ink. More (age 57) is thought to be already executed, or, at least, condemned to death with perhaps thirty other virtuous persons, religious and secular; so that we now see clearly that the tragedy will go far, and that there is no hope of good from the King.

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Letters and Papers 1537. 04 Jul 1537. 214. Sadolet to Pole.

Sadoleti Epp. Fam. Ep. 289. Poli Epp. ii. 72.

Has not written to him since he left, as Pole has not asked him to do anything on his account. We are here in great fear of the Turk, against whom we have no garrisons laid, and our only trust is our prince's wisdom. Experienced men say no hostile fleet can have access to us before the end of August. Regrets that Pole has not been successful in his efforts. Wishes for his return, as things cannot remain long in their present disturbed condition. Desires him to salute the Bishop of Verona. Rome, iv. Non. Julii, 1537. Latin.

Letters and Papers 1537. 04 Jul 1537. 210. Francis Hall to Lord Lisle (age 73).

R. O.

This morning Mons. de Mollenbais desired me to write to you that as there is here strange speaking both of the French king and the Frenchmen,-i.e., that the French king is extremely sick, or out of his mind, or dead (for the trumpets that have been here all say the Dauphin and the Great Master were at Amyas, and the King about Paris or Fontainebleau)-you would certify him of the truth. According to yours and Mr. Porter's letters I sent you "a safeguard for fyns." I am sure my uncle will let you know all his news. From beside Turwaune, Wednesday, 4 July 1537.

Hol., p. 1. Add.: My lord Deputy.

ii. Memoranda on the back. "To speak to Mons. de Bies, to write to the baily of Braynerd (?) and Robert le Standard (?), Mons de Curlew (?).

Letters and Papers 1537. 04 Jul 1537. 208. Cromwell to the Lord Admiral.

R.O.

Has to-day received letters from John Wynter of Bristowe, stating that about St. Peter's Day tidings came of two Bretons lying on the Welsh coast, who entered a ship of Bristowe freighted for Biscay, and either took the ship or spoiled it. They have also robbed boats coming to St. James' fair at Bristowe, and probably intend to wait for ships and boats coming to and fro the fair. Meanwhile one Bowen of Bristowe has taken 14 or 15 of the Bretons who landed for victual near Tynby, and has put them in prison. Wynter has manned a ship for Rochelle with 50 soldiers besides mariners, and will board them if they come in his way. Requests the lord Admiral to advertise the King and find out his pleasure about the prisoners, and whether anything else shall be done in those parts. The Rolls, 4 July. Signed.

P. 1. Endd.: A letter to my lord Admiral. Particular letters.

Letters and Papers 1537. 04 Jul 1537. 212. Castelnau, Bishop of Tarbes, to Francis I.

Ribier i. 35.

After receiving your two letters from Fontainebleau, 13th and 14th ult., I went to the King, your good brother, to communicate the decipher of the letters of the count of Cifuentes and marquis of Aguilar, and that which has been translated from Portuguese into Italian. Though he found them very bad, as his countenance witnessed, when I was reading the articles mentioning him and the marriage of Madame Marie, his daughter, still, in the end he reassured himself and wished to excuse the Emperor; saying that the writers were far enough away from him to be ignorant of his will. I replied that the said count and marquis were personages of sufficient credit with their master to know his intention, and that, by their daily practises with the Pope, they can better judge the Emperor's estimate of the said marriage than many others who are nearer the Emperor's person. I added that if he considers what terms the Emperor, being at peace with you, formerly used to him, he will find that present extremity has brought him to seek this marriage as a means of getting money from him and the king of Portugal; but he is too wise and wary a prince to let himself be abused by practises for the sole profit of the Emperor.

He then prayed me to leave him the said intercepted letters with the decipher in order that he might get the Emperor's ambassador to recognise the signature. This I did, as advised by the Grand Master. The King, after speaking of the taking of St. Pol, and magnifying the order which the Flemings keep in their camp, returned to the marriage of his daughter, saying she had been offered to you for M. d'Orleans, and since you have refused her, and the brother of the king of Portugal is willing to take her upon any conditions, you could not complain that he had not done his duty to you. Still, the said marriage is not yet quite concluded, and although they seek it diligently and make great offers, such as to give Milan to the Infant of Portugal upon this marriage, he is determined to conclude nothing until the Emperor and king of Portugal leave all other amities which are to him suspect, and join his party; which he has good hope they will do, and already the Spaniards (as he is well informed) are ready to leave the obedience of the Pope and approve the books made here against the marriage of Madame Catherine and against the Pope's authority, insomuch that several "gens de scavoir" have asked subjects of his to bring them many of the said books.

I answered that many people would oppose the possession of Milan by the brother of the king of Portugal, and that he knew whom it most touched, and I could only say that the Emperor wished the marriage of his daughter to cost him dear, putting upon him a burden which he cannot bear, and if he found the cost of Milan was not greater than its revenue he would not be so liberal in offering it. Now if he does not look to himself, they will put him in a labyrinth from which he will hardly escape; for their persuading him that the Spaniards approve what is done here is only to deceive him more easily and get him to contribute in favour of the said marriage; and so separate him from you, in order afterwards to dispose of him at their will when they find him alone and badly allied. He answered that whatever came of this marriage he would always remain your best brother and friend; adding that he knew the gentlemen of your council and of his had no great goodwill to the friendship between you, which would not last long if the mutual goodwill of you two were not greater than that of your privy councils.

I wrote last that the marriage they were treating here was so far arranged by the Chancellor and Cromwell with the Imperial ambassadors, that both sides thought it concluded, and so the ambassadors informed Madame Marie, and one of Cromwell's most confidential servants told a friend he had heard his master say so. I have since investigated this affair and found that the Emperor and king of Portugal, from whom Don Diego de Mendoça has powers, have prayed the King, upon the said marriage, to give Madame Marie the dot of her late mother, 300,000 ducats, and let the Emperor take the said sum upon delivering the duchy of Milan or of Florence to the Infant, at the king of England's choice, as the assignation of the said sum and of the lady's douaire; offering then to take the lady in any quality he likes and not to pretend any right to the succession of England; praying further that after the marriage the Infant may take the lady to Spain or elsewhere, as shall be necessary for the preservation of the estate the Emperor shall give him. These conditions the Chancellor and Cromwell hoped to get ratified, but their master would not consent to his daughter's leaving this country until he had other issue, and also to the assignation of the dot and douaire upon lands not in Flanders or elsewhere near England. Which two articles, although the ambassadors have no power at present to allow them, it is thought the Emperor will readily consent to: but, when they hoped the marriage was in a fair way to be soon concluded, the King has proposed that it is necessary for the Emperor and king of Portugal to declare, and to bind the estates or their realms to maintain, that the marriage of the late Queen Catharine was null and against the divine law and therefore that the Lady Mary is illegitimate, and that the judgments at Rome contrary to the Acts of this country are null and "abusif," the Pope having no jurisdiction in the matter. Thus the King, who does not see how directly to induce the Emperor and king of Portugal to make themselves heads of the churches in their realms, would tacitly lead them to do something against the Pope, in order that their total destruction and separation from the Church of Rome may follow.

M. de Limoges could advertise you amply of the communication we had with the King; and as the King and his Council complain of innumerable wrongs done to Englishmen on the sea, I have explained in detail to M. d'Allas, the bearer, all their grievances and the answer M. de Limoges and I made. Please give him credence in these and all other affairs of which, the Grand Master wrote to me, he had charge to inform himself on his return from Scotland. London, 4 July 1537.Fr.

Bibl. Nat. Paris, Fonds Moreau, No. 737, p. 94.

2. An abstract of the news contained in the fourth paragraph of the above as far as the words about the judgment at Rome being null and "abusif." Headed and subscribed as written at London, 5 (sic) July.Fr., pp. 2. From a modern transcript.

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Letters and Papers 1537. 04 Jul 1537. 211. Jehan Ango to Lord Lisle (age 73).

R. O.

I have received your letter by the bearer, and in his presence have spoken to the man who took the hoy (le heux) and the Flemings. He maintains they are lawful prize. If, therefore, anyone demands it, let him come here, and justice shall be done. Dieppe, 4 July 1537. Signed.Fr., p. 1. Add.

Letters and Papers 1537. 04 Jul 1537. 209. G. Earl of Shrewsbury, to Cromwell.

R. O.

Sir Henry Sacheverell, who did very good service with the Earl at the last insurrections, is now going up to the King, requests Cromwell to get him access to the King's presence and to instruct his Highness of his services. Wynfeld, 4 July. Signed.

Pp. 2. Add.: Lord Privy Seal.

Letters and Papers 1537. 04 Jul 1537. 213. Francis I. to Tarbes.

Ribier, i. 38.

Has received by the sieur d'Allas his letter of the 4th, and thinks his reply touching the count of Fuentes (Cifuentes) and the Marquis d'Aguillare as good as possible. As to the King's daughter having been offered for M. de Orleans, &c, the difficulty arose because she was not to be delivered as legitimate. If the king of Portugal's brother will take her upon any conditions Francis much approves the match; for he takes the king of Portugal for his good brother, and is confident that the king of England will not conclude anything at the Emperor's suggestion, prejudicial to Francis or his children. Thinks, from what Tarbes writes, that the thing is not yet concluded.

As to affairs in Picardy, the enemy are still about Therouenne, and have battered it for some days; but those within scarcely fear them, and are determined to defend themselves. The French army is near Hesdin, in a place suitable for harassing the enemy.French.

On 04 Jul 1539 Louis VI Elector Palatine was born to Frederick III Elector Palatine (age 24).

On 04 Jul 1610 Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland (age 35) gave Dorothy Bulstrode (age 18) a gown of ash-colour taffeta.

Diary of Anne Clifford 1619. 04 Jul 1619. The 4th Mr Chantrell preached at Sevenoaks, my Lord (age 30) having sent for him purposely for that end.

Evelyn's Diary. 04 Jul 1649. Visited Baroness Hatton (age 37), her lord (age 44) sojourning at Paris [Map] with my father-in-law (age 44).

Evelyn's Diary. 04 Jul 1660. I heard Sir Samuel Tuke (age 45) harangue to the House of Lords, in behalf of the Roman Catholics, and his account of the transaction at Colchester in murdering Lord Capel, and the rest of those brave men, that suffered in cold blood, after articles of rendition.

Evelyn's Diary. 04 Jul 1663. I saw his Majesty's (age 33) Guards, being of horse and foot 4,000, led by the General, the Duke of Albemarle (age 54), in extraordinary equipage and gallantry, consisting of gentlemen of quality and veteran soldiers, excellently clad, mounted, and ordered, drawn up in battalia before their Majesties in Hyde Park [Map], where the old Earl of Cleveland (age 72) trailed a pike, and led the right-hand file in a foot company, commanded by the Lord Wentworth (age 51), his son; a worthy spectacle and example, being both of them old and valiant soldiers. This was to show the French Ambassador, Monsieur Comminges; there being a great assembly of coaches, etc., in the park.

Pepy's Diary. 04 Jul 1663. The Duke (age 29) being ready, we retired with him, and there fell upon Mr. Creed's business, where the Treasurer (age 56) did, like a mad coxcomb, without reason or method run over a great many things against the account, and so did Sir J. Minnes (age 64) and Sir W. Batten (age 62), which the Duke himself and Mr. Coventry (age 35) and my Lord Barkely (age 61) and myself did remove, and Creed being called in did answer all with great method and excellently to the purpose (myself I am a little conscious did not speak so well as I purposed and do think I used to do, that is, not so intelligibly and persuasively, as I well hoped I should), not that what I said was not well taken, and did carry the business with what was urged and answered by Creed and Mr. Coventry (age 35), till the Duke himself did declare that he was satisfied, and my Lord Barkely (age 61) offered to lay £100 that the King (age 33) would receive no wrong in the account, and the two last knights held their tongues, or at least by not understanding it did say what made for Mr. Creed, and so Sir G. Carteret (age 53) was left alone, but yet persisted to say that the account was not good, but full of corruption and foul dealing. And so we broke up to his shame, but I do fear to the loss of his friendship to me a good while, which I am heartily troubled for.

Pepy's Diary. 04 Jul 1663. Thence with Creed to hire a coach to carry us to Hide Park, to-day there being a general muster of the King's Guards, horse and foot: but they demand so high, that I, spying Mr. Cutler the merchant, did take notice of him, and he going into his coach, and telling me that he was going to shew a couple of Swedish strangers the muster, I asked and went along with him; where a goodly sight to see so many fine horses and officers, and the King (age 33), Duke (age 29), and others come by a-horseback, and the two Queens (age 24) in the Queen-Mother's (age 53) coach, my Baroness Castlemaine's (age 22) not being there.And after long being there, I 'light, and walked to the place where the King (age 33), Duke, &c., did stand to see the horse and foot march by and discharge their guns, to show a French Marquisse (for whom this muster was caused) the goodness of our firemen; which indeed was very good, though not without a slip now and then; and one broadside close to our coach we had going out of the Park, even to the nearness as to be ready to burn our hairs. Yet methought all these gay men are not the soldiers that must do the King's business, it being such as these that lost the old King all he had, and were beat by the most ordinary fellows that could be.

Pepy's Diary. 04 Jul 1663. Thence with Creed to the King's Head ordinary; but, coming late, dined at the second table very well for 12d.; and a pretty gentleman in our company, who confirms my Baroness Castlemaine's (age 22) being gone from Court, but knows not the reason; he told us of one wipe the Queen (age 24) a little while ago did give her, when she came in and found the Queen (age 24) under the dresser's hands, and had been so long:

Pepy's Diary. 04 Jul 1663. This day in the Duke's chamber there being a Roman story in the hangings, and upon the standards written these four letters-S. P. Q. R.1, Sir G. Carteret (age 53) came to me to know what the meaning of those four letters were; which ignorance is not to be borne in a Privy Counsellor, methinks, that a schoolboy should be whipt for not knowing.

Note 1. TT. SPQR. Senātus Populusque que Rōmānus. The Senate and Population that are Rome. Motto of the Roman Republic.

Pepy's Diary. 04 Jul 1663. So to St. James's by water with Sir J. Minnes (age 64) and Sir W. Batten (age 62), I giving occasion to a wager about the tide, that it did flow through bridge, by which Sir W. Batten (age 62) won 5s. of Sir J. Minnes (age 64). At St. James's we staid while the Duke (age 29) made himself ready. Among other things Sir Allen Apsley (age 47) showed the Duke (age 29) the Lisbon Gazette in Spanish, where the late victory is set down particularly, and to the great honour of the English beyond measure. They have since taken back Evora, which was lost to the Spaniards, the English making the assault, and lost not more than three men. Here I learnt that the English foot are highly esteemed all over the world, but the horse not so much, which yet we count among ourselves the best; but they abroad have had no great knowledge of our horse, it seems.

Pepy's Diary. 04 Jul 1664. Up, and many people with me about business, and then out to several places, and so at noon to my Lord Crew's (age 66), and there dined and very much made of there by him. He offered me the selling of some land of his in Cambridgeshire, a purchase of about £1000, and if I can compass it I will.

Pepy's Diary. 04 Jul 1664. After dinner I walked homeward, still doing business by the way, and at home find my wife this day of her owne accord to have lain out 25s. upon a pair of pendantes for her eares, which did vex me and brought both me and her to very high and very foule words from her to me, such as trouble me to think she should have in her mouth, and reflecting upon our old differences, which I hate to have remembered. I vowed to breake them, or that she should go and get what she could for them again. I went with that resolution out of doors; the poor wretch afterwards in a little while did send out to change them for her money again. I followed Besse her messenger at the 'Change [Map], and there did consult and sent her back; I would not have them changed, being satisfied that she yielded. So went home, and friends again as to that business; but the words I could not get out of my mind, and so went to bed at night discontented, and she came to bed to me, but all would not make me friends, but sleep and rise in the morning angry. This day the King (age 34) and the Queene (age 54) went to visit my Lord Sandwich (age 38) and the fleete, going forth in the Hope1.

Note 1. "Their Majesties were treated at Tilbury Hope by the Earl of Sandwich, returning the same day, abundantly satisfied both with the dutiful respects of that honourable person and with the excellent condition of all matters committed to his charge" ("The Newes", July 7th, 1664). B.

Pepy's Diary. 04 Jul 1665. This morning I did a good piece of work with Sir W. Warren, ending the business of the lotterys, wherein honestly I think I shall get above £100. Bankert, it seems, is come home with the little fleete he hath been abroad with, without doing any thing, so that there is nobody of an enemy at sea. We are in great hopes of meeting with the Dutch East India fleete, which is mighty rich, or with De Ruyter (age 58), who is so also. Sir Richard Ford (age 51) told me this day, at table, a fine account, how the Dutch were like to have been mastered by the present Prince of Orange1 (age 14) his father to be besieged in Amsterdam, having drawn an army of foot into the towne, and horse near to the towne by night, within three miles of the towne, and they never knew of it; but by chance the Hamburgh post in the night fell among the horse, and heard their design, and knowing the way, it being very dark and rainy, better than they, went from them, and did give notice to the towne before the others could reach the towne, and so were saved. It seems this De Witt and another family, the Beckarts, were among the chief of the familys that were enemys to the Prince, and were afterwards suppressed by the Prince, and continued so till he was, as they say, poysoned; and then they turned all again, as it was, against the young Prince (age 14), and have so carried it to this day, it being about 12 and 14 years, and De Witt in the head of them.

Note 1. The period alluded to is 1650, when the States-General disbanded part of the forces which the Prince of Orange (William) wished to retain. The prince attempted, but unsuccessfully, to possess himself of Amsterdam. In the same year he died, at the early age of twenty-four; some say of the small-pox; others, with Sir Richard Ford (age 51), say of poison. B.

Evelyn's Diary. 04 Jul 1666. The solemn Fast-day. Dr. Meggot preached an excellent discourse before the King (age 36) on the terrors of God's judgments. After sermon, I waited on my Lord Archbishop of Canterbury (age 49) and Bishop of Winchester (age 47), where the Dean of Westminster (age 31) spoke to me about putting into my hands the disposal of fifty pounds, which the charitable people of Oxford had sent to be distributed among the sick and wounded seamen since the battle. Hence, I went to the Lord Chancellor's (age 57) to joy him of his Royal Highness's (age 32) second son, now born at St. James's [Map]; and to desire the use of the Star-chamber for our Commissioners to meet in, Painters' Hall, Queenhithe not being so convenient.

Pepy's Diary. 04 Jul 1666. Thence home and dined, and then to the office, where busy all day, and in the evening Sir W. Pen (age 45) come to me, and we walked together, and talked of the late fight. I find him very plain, that the whole conduct of the late fight was ill, and that that of truth's all, and he tells me that it is not he, but two-thirds of the commanders of the whole fleete have told him so: they all saying, that they durst not oppose it at the Council of War, for fear of being called cowards, though it was wholly against their judgement to fight that day with the disproportion of force, and then we not being able to use one gun of our lower tier, which was a greater disproportion than the other. Besides, we might very well have staid in the Downs without fighting, or any where else, till the Prince (age 46) could have come up to them; or at least till the weather was fair, that we might have the benefit of our whole force in the ships that we had. He says three things must [be] remedied, or else we shall be undone by this fleete.

Note 1. That we must fight in a line, whereas we fight promiscuously, to our utter and demonstrable ruine; the Dutch fighting otherwise; and we, whenever we beat them.

Note 2. We must not desert ships of our own in distress, as we did, for that makes a captain desperate, and he will fling away his ship, when there is no hopes left him of succour.

Note 3. That ships, when they are a little shattered, must not take the liberty to come in of themselves, but refit themselves the best they can, and stay out-many of our ships coming in with very small disablenesses.

Pepy's Diary. 04 Jul 1666. Thence to my Lord Bellasses (age 52) to take my leave of him, he being going down to the North to look after the Militia there, for fear of an invasion.

Pepy's Diary. 04 Jul 1668. Up, and to see Sir W. Coventry (age 40), and give him account of my doings yesterday, which he well liked of, and was told thereof by my Lord Halifax (age 34) before; but I do perceive he is much concerned for this business. Gives me advice to write a smart letter to the Duke of York (age 34) about the want of money in the Navy, and desire him to communicate it to the Commissioners of the Treasury; for he tells me he hath hot work sometimes to contend with the rest for the Navy, they being all concerned for some other part of the King's expenses, which they would prefer to this, of the Navy. He shewed me his closet, with his round table, for him to sit in the middle, very convenient; and I borrowed several books of him, to collect things out of the Navy, which I have not, and so home, and there busy sitting all the morning, and at noon dined, and then all the afternoon busy, till night, and then to Mile-End with my wife and girl, and there drank and eat a joie of Salmon, at the Rose and Crown, our old house; and so home to bed.

Roger Whitley's Diary. 04 Jul 1690. Friday, I went to the mill & to the mowers; there came 3 men from Manley to enquire for Morgan about the Poll; I made them drink, they stayd not; Cook of Ashton came to teach Roger, he dined with us; Huson, Delves & Thomkinson retorned from Dysert in the evening; the Clark of Tarvyn came for Tythwooll, &c. I made him drink, he stayd not;

Evelyn's Diary. 04 Jul 1696. Note that my Lord Godolphin (age 51) was the first of the Members who paid any money to this noble fabric.

On 04 Jul 1721 Percy Seymour (age 25) died of smallpox.

Travels through the middle settlements in North America Chapter 1. 04 Jul 1759. July 4. We saw a great many sloops, from whence we imagined that we were near the coast. The wind was at east-by-north.

After 04 Jul 1824. Monument to Caroline Fludyer Countess Brownlow (deceased) in St Peter and St Paul Church, Belton [Map].

Caroline Fludyer Countess Brownlow: On 05 Jun 1794 she was born to George Fludyer and Mary Fane. Before 1819 John Cust 1st Earl Brownlow and she were married. She by marriage Countess Brownlow. On 04 Jul 1824 she died.

On 04 Jul 1829 Thomas Capron (age 81) died. On 24 Feb 1832 Elizabeth Lucas (age 80) died. Memorial in Church of St Rumbold, Stoke Doyle [Map] sculpted by Henry Hopper (age 62).

Thomas Capron: he and Elizabeth Lucas were married. Around 1748 he was born.

Elizabeth Lucas: Around 1752 she was born to John Lucas of Nortoft Manor.

Grindon. July 4th, spent another unsuccessfiil day at Grindon in opening another barrow, eighteen yards in diameter, by two trenches, each two feet deep, intersecting the centre. In all parts were scattered pieces of human bone, some calcined pieces of earthenware, and flints.

Silbury Hill by C Tucker. 04 Jul 1849. On the 4th July the Secretary of the Institute visited Silbury, and in conjunction with Mr. Blandford and Mr. Falkner decided on the spot at which the opening should be made. On the 9th July the turf was stripped from that part of the meadow where the spoil from the tunnel was to be laid; and on Tuesday the 10th July the excavation of the gallery was commenced. From this time gangs of workmen succeeded each other at stated intervals, so that the work proceeded day and night without interruption. By Friday evening the 13th, the tunnel had extended to 94 feet from the entrance, about one-third of the whole intended length, by which it was calculated the centre of the hill would be attained. The work thus far was carried through the natural soil, a vein of hard undisturbed chalk, and proceeded in an upward direction, at an inclination of 1 in 28: the artificial soil was cut into at 33 yards from the entrance; the work was then carried on through 18 inches of the artificial earth and 5 feet of the original soil, presuming that by this means any sepulchral remains must be discovered if they existed. The excavation was carried in this way 54* yards, at which distance, according to the survey made, the original centre of construction, or true centre of the hill would be attained. The tunnel, however, did not strike the shaft sunk by the Duke of Northumberland, although, as it afterwards appeared, it was within 4 inches of it. The next step taken was to make several lateral excavations to the east and west near the end of the tunnel. On the 24th July the works were suspended; the Dean of Hereford and other members of the Institute, who had been aiding the examination, then departing to attend the meeting at Salisbury.

Stakor Hill. In the afternoon, we made four trenches in another barrow, situated on a neighbouring eminence, called Anthony Hill [Map]. It measures about fourteen yards across, and is not more than a foot in height, having been removed to within a few inches of the natural soil. Many fragments of human bone, and a boar's tusk, were found just under the turf, but no depression in the natural level being observed, it became evident that all the interments were destroyed from not having been buried deeper.

Stakor Hill. On the morning of the 4th of July, we examined an artificial mound [Ladman Low Barrow [Map]] composed of sandstone, on the top of the hill behind Ladmanlow Wharf, near Buxton, and found it to cover a small excavation in the gritstone rock, which contained no interment, although bits of flint had been observed bom the first.

Births on the 4th July

On 04 Jul 1466 William I Landgrave of Hesse was born to Louis II Landgrave of Hesse (age 27).

On 04 Jul 1539 Louis VI Elector Palatine was born to Frederick III Elector Palatine (age 24).

On 04 Jul 1552 Maximiliana Maria Wittelsbach was born to Albert V Wittelsbach V Duke Bavaria (age 24) and Anna Habsburg Spain Duchess Bavaria (age 23). Coefficient of inbreeding 1.58%.

On 04 Jul 1587 Magdalene Wittelsbach was born to William Wittelsbach V Duke Bavaria (age 38) and Renata Lorraine Duchess Bavaria (age 43). Coefficient of inbreeding 2.86%.

On 04 Jul 1602 Charles Cockayne 1st Viscount Cullen was born to William Cockayne (age 41) and Mary Morris Countess Dover (age 37).

On 04 Jul 1653 Walter Clarges 1st Baronet was born to Thomas Clarges (age 35) in Kingsey, Buckinghamshire.

Around 04 Jul 1655 Anthony Abdy 2nd Baronet was born to Thomas Abdy 1st Baronet (age 43).

On 04 Jul 1752 Robert Monckton-Arundell 4th Viscount Galway was born to William Monckton aka Monckton-Arundell 2nd Viscount Galway (age 27) and Elizabeth Villareal Viscountess Galway.

On 04 Jul 1781 William Lewis Trelawny aka Salusbury-Trelawny 8th Baronet was born to Harry Trelawny 7th Baronet (age 25) and Anne Brown Lady Trelawny.

On 04 Jul 1799 Frederick Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes 10th or 16th Baron Saye and Sele was born to Thomas James Twisleton (age 28).

On 04 Jul 1806 Mary Brudenell Countess Chichester was born to Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan (age 37) and Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan (age 36).

On 04 Jul 1820 William Tollemache was born to Lionel Tollemache 8th Earl Dysart (age 25) and Maria Elizabeth Toone Countess Dysart.

On 04 Jul 1832 Wilbraham Tollemache 2nd Baron Tollemache was born to John Jervis Tollemache 1st Baron Tollemache (age 26) and Georgiana Louisa Best (age 23). Coefficient of inbreeding 6.25%.

On 04 Jul 1840 Marcus Stone was born.

On 04 Jul 1840 Caroline Rachel Cholmondeley was born to William Cholmondeley 3rd Marquess Cholmondeley (age 40) and Marcia Emma Georgiana Arbuthnot Marchioness Cholmondeley (age 36).

On 04 Jul 1845 Francis "Frank" Holl was born to Francis Holl (age 30).

On 04 Jul 1859 John William Beaumont Pease 1st Baron Wardington was born.

On 04 Jul 1885 Christian Hanover was born to Ernest Augustus Hanover 3rd Duke Cumberland and Teviotdale (age 39) and Thyra Glücksburg Duchess Cumberland and Teviotdale (age 31). He a great x 2 grandson of King George III of Great Britain and Ireland.

On 04 Jul 1934 James Hamilton 5th Duke of Abercorn was born to James Edward Hamilton 4th Duke of Abercorn (age 30) and Kathleen Hamilton Duchess of Abercorn (age 28).

On 04 Jul 1942 Michael Windsor was born to Prince George Windsor 1st Duke Kent (age 39) and Princess Marina Glücksburg Duchess Kent (age 35). He a grandson of George V King United Kingdom. Coefficient of inbreeding 1.96%.

Marriages on the 4th July

Before 04 Jul 1518 Thomas Wharton 1st Baron Wharton (age 23) and Eleanor Stapleton Baroness Wharton were married.

On or after 04 Jul 1519, the date of the license, Robert Wingfield (age 55) and Jane Poynings Baroness Clinton were married. He a great x 5 grandson of King Edward I of England.

On 04 Jul 1530 King Francis I of France (age 35) and Eleanor of Austria Queen Consort France Queen Consort Portugal (age 31) were married. She by marriage Queen Consort of France. She the daughter of Philip "Handsome Fair" King Castile and Joanna "The Mad" Trastámara Queen Castile (age 51). He the son of Charles Valois Orléans Count Angoulême and Louise of Savoy Countess Angoulême (age 53). They were second cousin once removed. She a great x 4 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.

On 04 Jul 1546 Albert V Wittelsbach V Duke Bavaria (age 18) and Anna Habsburg Spain Duchess Bavaria (age 17) were married. She by marriage Duchess Bavaria. She the daughter of Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor (age 43) and Anne Jagiellon Holy Roman Empress (age 42). He the son of William Wittelsbach IV Duke Bavaria (age 52) and Marie Jakobaea Baden Duchess Bavaria (age 39). They were second cousin once removed. He a great x 5 grandson of King Edward III of England. She a great x 5 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.

On 04 Jul 1622 Thomas Bruce 1st Earl Elgin (age 23) and Anne Chichester (age 17) were married at Holy Trinity Church, Minories [Map].

After 04 Jul 1681 Edward Conway 1st Earl Conway (age 58) and Ursula Stawell Countess Mulgrave and Conway were married. She by marriage Countess Conway.

On 04 Jul 1785 Thomas Dyke Acland 9th Baronet (age 33) and Henrietta Anne Hoare (age 22) were married. They were half second cousins.

On 04 Jul 1791 Philip Sherard 5th Earl Harborough (age 24) and Eleanor Monckton (age 19) were married. He the son of Robert Sherard 4th Earl Harborough (age 78).

On 04 Jul 1817 Hugh Fortescue 2nd Earl Fortescue (age 34) and Susan Ryder (age 21) were married. She the daughter of Dudley Ryder 1st Earl of Harrowby (age 54) and Susanna Leveson-Gower Countess Harrowby Lincolnshire (age 44). He the son of Hugh Fortescue 1st Earl Fortescue (age 64) and Hester Granville Countess Fortescue (age 51). They were fourth cousins.

On 04 Jul 1883 Edward Wheler 12th Baronet (age 25) and Mary Leontine Wood Lady Wheler were married at St James' Church, Piccadilly.

On 04 Jul 1921 Jacques Balsan (age 52) and Consuelo Vanderbilt Duchess of Marlborough (age 44) were married.

On 04 Jul 1947 Roland Cubitt 3rd Baron Ashcombe (age 48) and Sonia Rosemary Keppel (age 47) were divorced.

Deaths on the 4th July

On 04 Jul 673 King Ecgberht I of Kent died. His son King Eadric of Kent succeeded King of Kent.

On 04 Jul 1336 Elisabeth Barcelona Queen Consort Portugal (age 65) died.

On 04 Jul 1450 ...

James Fiennes 1st Baron Saye and Sele (age 55) was beheaded at the Standard in Cheapside [Map]. His son William Fiennes 2nd Baron Saye and Sele (age 22) succeeded 2nd Baron Saye and Sele.

His son in law William Cromer (age 34) was beheaded.

On 04 Jul 1611 Elizabeth Morrison Countess Lincoln died.

Around 04 Jul 1668 Catherine Howard Lady Lawson (age 31) died.

On 04 Jul 1681 Elizabeth Booth Countess Conway died.

On 04 Jul 1708 Henry Hare 2nd Baron Coleraine (age 72) died. His grandson Henry Hare 3rd Baron Coleraine (age 15) succeeded 3rd Baron Coleraine.

On 04 Jul 1726 Henry Bentinck 1st Duke Portland (age 44) died in Spanish Town Jamaica. His body was returned to England. On 03 Nov 1726 he was buried in the Duke of Ormonde Vault, King Henry VII Chapel, Westminster Abbey. His son William Bentinck 2nd Duke Portland (age 17) succeeded 2nd Duke Portland, 3rd Earl of Portland.

On 04 Jul 1770 Frances Norcliffe Lady Wray (age 69) died. She was buried at Ripon Cathedral [Map].

On 04 Jul 1799 John Anstruther 2nd Baronet (age 80) died.

On 04 Jul 1818 Francis Thomas-Fitzmaurice 3rd Earl Kerry (age 77) died. He was buried in Westminster Abbey [Map] in the same tomb as his wife Anastasia Daly Countess Kerry. His first cousin once removed Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice 3rd Marquess Lansdowne (age 38) succeeded 4th Earl Kerry.

On 04 Jul 1824 Caroline Fludyer Countess Brownlow (age 30) died.

On 04 Jul 1829 Thomas Capron (age 81) died. On 24 Feb 1832 Elizabeth Lucas (age 80) died. Memorial in Church of St Rumbold, Stoke Doyle [Map] sculpted by Henry Hopper (age 62).

Thomas Capron: he and Elizabeth Lucas were married. Around 1748 he was born.

Elizabeth Lucas: Around 1752 she was born to John Lucas of Nortoft Manor.

On 04 Jul 1833 Alexander Württemberg Duke Württemberg (age 62) died. His son Alexander Württemberg Duke Württemberg (age 29) succeeded Duke Württemberg.

On 04 Jul 1884 William Bernard Petre 12th Baron Petre (age 66) died. His son William Petre 13th Baron Petre (age 37) succeeded 13th Baron Petre.

On 04 Jul 1887 John Paulet 14th Marquess Winchester (age 86) died. His son Augustus Paulet 15th Marquess of Winchester (age 29) succeeded 15th Marquess Winchester, 15th Earl Wiltshire, 15th Baron St John.

On 04 Jul 1911 Marguerite Smyles Drever Baroness Joicey (age 58) died.

On 04 Jul 1919 Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Viscountess Halifax (age 81) died.

On 04 Jul 1999 Nancy Ruth Cobbs Countess Lowther died.